Araling Panlipunan 8 - Grade 8 World History Review

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering geography, world continents, ancient empires, Mesoamerican and Pacific civilizations, and ancient social structures from Araling Panlipunan 8 notes.

Heograpiya

The systematic study of the physical characteristics of the Earth and the relationship between humans and the environment, derived from Geo (Earth) and Graphein (to write or describe).

Pangea

A supercontinent that existed about $300\,\text{million}$ years ago, in which all present-day continents were joined together into a single landmass.

Continental Drift Theory

A theory proposed by Alfred Wegener stating that continents gradually move or shift positions across the surface of the Earth.

Horn of Africa

A peninsula shaped like a rhinoceros horn, composed of the countries Eritrea, Djibouti, and Somalia.

Cradle of Humankind

A location in Africa where fossil evidence of humans and their ancestors at each stage of evolution was found.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

The buying, transporting, and enslaving of millions of Africans to lands in America.

Cuneiform

Meaning 'wedge-shaped' ('hugis-sintel'), it is the earliest systematic writing system created using clay and sharpened reeds.

Sargon I

The ruler who established the first empire in history, uniting Sumerian culture and surrounding regions with Akkad as its capital.

Babylonian Education System

In Babylonian society, education differed by gender: men studied reading (pagbasa), writing (pagsulat), and math (sipnayan), while women were taught singing (pag-awit) and dancing (pagsayaw).

Code of Hammurabi

One of the world's first complete sets of laws, consisting of $282$ laws carved on a black pillar, based on the principle 'an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth'.

Aklatan sa Nineveh (Library of Nineveh)

A library established by King Ashurbanipal around $600\,\text{BCE}$ in Nineveh to collect clay tablets of Sumerian, Babylonian, and Assyrian literature.

Lamassu

A decorative and symbolic Assyrian sculpture depicting a winged lion or bull with a human head.

Kabihasnang Olmec

A civilization meaning 'Rubber people' ('Taong goma'), recognized as one of the first civilizations to arise in Mesoamerica, centered in La Venta.

Inca Administrative Officials

The Incan government hierarchy included officers such as the Viceroy (Inkap Rantin), Governors of a Quarter, Inspektor, Military Generals, Villac Umu (High Priest or Willaq Umu), Council of the Realm, Curacas, Tax Collectors (Maniningil ng buwis), and Record Keepers.

Tawantinsuyu

The official name of the empire and government system established by the Inca in the Andes Mountains region.

Ayllu

The basic social and economic unit of Inca society capable of producing localized products under a centralized economic management system.

Quipu

A knotted rope tool used by the Inca civilization for keeping records.

Polynesian Triangle

A geographic region in the Pacific Ocean formed by Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand.

Athens vs. Sparta

Two Greek city-states with contrasting values: Athens valued education, art, philosophy, democracy, and naval trade, while Sparta valued military discipline, land forces, and soldier training.

Varna System

A social hierarchy system from the Vedic Period in India based on Dharma, divided into Brahmins (priests/teachers), Kshatriyas (rulers/warriors), Vaishyas (farmers/traders), and Shudras (labourers).

12 Tables

A written set of Roman laws applicable to all citizens that detailed civil rights and legal procedures.

Arkong Bato

A historical stone arch built by the Spanish in $1858$ to mark the boundary of Bulacan and Rizal, renovated in $1910$, made a barangay in $1950$, and named a city landmark in $2003$.

Chinese Social Classes (Shi, Nong, Gong, Shang)

The social hierarchy of ancient China comprising Shi (scholars/officials), Nong (farmers), Gong (artisans), and Shang (merchants/traders, who occupied the lowest social status despite their wealth).

Huitzilopochtli

The primary Aztec deity associated with war, the sun, and human sacrifice.

Stela

A large standing stone slab covered with carvings and inscriptions used by the Maya civilization.