CH 1 and 2 extra credit

characteristics

Physcial appearance refer to ______

deductive reasoning

An imaginative scientist begins with the general theory and arrives at a particular hypothesis that can be tested through

Maslow

The humanistic-existential perspective

Allport

The dispositional perspective

Eysenck

The biological-evolutionary perspective

Contributes to individual differences in behavior; unique common to some groups or shared in a species

Identify a feature of traits.

different for each individual

Patterns

The unique qualities of an individual that include attributes such as temperament, physique, and intelligence are known as

Characteristics

leads to an indirect verification of the usefulness of a theory

hypothesis testing

precision; logical consistency

To permit scientists to deduce clearly stated hypotheses, the tenets of a theory must be stated with sufficient

To provide a clear direction for further research

Why is it important for a useful theory to organize research data?

People are inclined to behave in unique and consistent ways; they have unique traits

The dispositional perspective

scientific principle that things are usually connected or behave in the simplest or most economical way

Which of the following are aspects of a useful theory according to the law of parsimony

construct validity

The extent to which a measuring instrument assesses some hypothetical construct that has no physical existence is known as

convergent validity

A personality inventory that attempts to measure extraversion should correlate with other measures of extraversion or other factors such as sociability and assertiveness, demonstrating

refers to how well a test measures a hypothetical construct, like extraversion or intelligence, which are not directly observable

Construct validity

checks if a test correlates well with other measures of the same construct

Convergent validity

ensures low correlation with measures of different constructs

Divergent validity

distinguishes between different groups, like extraverts and introverts, using the test

Discriminant validity

• A useful theory should be able to organize research data that are not incompatible with each other.

• A useful theory should provide a framework that gives direction for further research

Which of the following describe the characteristics of a useful theory?

Conscience

The ______ results from experiences with punishments for improper behavior and tells people what they should not do.

conscious perception and unconscious

The contents of the preconscious come from two sources, namely,

reality

The ego is governed by the ______ principle, which it tries to substitute for the pleasure principle of the id.

ego-ideal

The ______ develops from experiences with rewards for proper behavior and tells people what they should do.

• Freud wrote about the aggressive drive in a book titled Beyond the Pleasure Principle.

• The final aim of the aggressive drive is self-destruction.

• Aggression can take various forms such as teasing, gossip, and sarcasm

Select all correct statements about Freud's view on the aggressive drive.

repression

In the context of the defense mechanisms identified by Sigmund Freud, whenever the ego is threatened by undesirable id impulses, it protects itself by using

displacement

Identify a defense mechanism in which people redirect their unacceptable urges onto a variety of people or objects so that the original impulse is disguised or concealed.

sublimination

______ is the repression of the genital aim of Eros by substituting a cultural or social aim.

repression

In the context of the defense mechanisms as identified by Sigmund Freud, the most basic is ______ because it is involved in each of the others

displacement

______ also is involved in dream formation, as when the dreamer's destructive urges toward a parent are placed onto a dog or wolf.

sublimination

According to Sigmund Freud, the one mechanism that helps both the individual and the social group is known as

early anal

The period in which children receive satisfaction by destroying or losing objects is known as the

• Children take a friendly interest toward their feces.

• The interest in feces is linked to the erotic pleasure of defecating

Which of the following describe characteristics of the late anal period

phallic

The ______ stage is marked by a dichotomy in psychological gender development, a distinction that Sigmund Freud believed to be due to the anatomical differences between the sexes.

formation of an identification with the father

What psychological development stage precedes the onset of the male Oedipus complex according to Freud?

any mention of injury or shrinkage in connection with the penis

According to Freud, what activates a child's phylogenetic endowment leading to castration anxiety?

latency stage

Sigmund Freud believed that from the 4th or 5th year until puberty, both boys and girls usually go through a period of dormant psychosexual development, known as the

direct his sexual energy toward another person

According to Sigmund Freud, an adolescent boy going through the genital period is most likely to

by incorporating his father's authority into his own ego

How does the development of a primitive superego begin in boys according to Freud?

Placing his hand on the patient's forehead and applying pressure

What was Freud's early technique for accessing repressed childhood memories?

Surface meaning or the conscious description given by the dreamer

Manifest Content

The unconscious material of a dream

Latent Content

• Neurotic symptoms were directly related to actual past events.

• Repressed memories could be accessed through physical pressure

Which of the following describe the assumptions underlying Freud's early technique

The manifest dream content being less extensive than the latent content

What does condensation refer to in Freud's dream theory?

parapraxes

James Strachey, one of Freud's translators, invented the term ________ to refer to what many people now simply call "Freudian slips."

• Freudian theory is difficult to falsify.

• Freudian theory lacks operationally defined terms

Which of the following are criticisms of Freud's psychoanalytic theory

• Condensation refers to the abbreviation of unconscious material before it appears in the manifest dream content.

• Displacement involves replacing the dream image with another idea that is only remotely related

Which of the following describe how unconscious psychic material adopts disguised forms

They arise from the concurrent actions of two different intentions

According to Sigmund Freud, identify a true statement about parapraxes or unconscious slips.