Professional Issues in Information Systems and Technology Prelim

INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Integrated elements that gather, process, save, and disseminate information to support an organization's decision-making and management.

TECHNOLOGY

The outcome of acquired scientific knowledge, skills, procedures, and processes for applied purposes.

Technology

this has become an integral part of our daily life from the creation of the wheel to the use of electricity.

Information systems and technology

these are fundamental to our social, academic, and work environment.

Hardware, Software, Data, People, Process

Essential Components of Information Systems

HARDWARE

The physical component of an information system - tangible parts to users.

SOFTWARE

An intangible compared to hardware.

SOFTWARE

Programs or set of instructions that tells the computer what to do

Coding a series of commands

Programmers design software by _______

OPERATING SYSTEMS

this software gives the interface between the hardware and the Application software.

Kernel

heart and soul of OS

Shell

acts as an interface between the user and the kernel

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

allows the user to accomplish tasks such as creating documents, encoding data in a spreadsheet, or messaging a friend.

DATA

It is a collection of indisputable raw facts. Home addresses, phone numbers, and social networking accounts are examples of this.

PEOPLE

It is easy to focus on the technology components alone, but focusing on the people involved in information systems is essential.

PROCESS

It is a series of steps taken to accomplish the desired goal.

PROCESS

Information systems are becoming more integrated with organizational processes that bring greater productivity and better control.

Peter Drucker

he said that information and information systems would become increasingly important, which led him to coin the term "knowledge worker."

Knowledge workers

these are the professionals who make and modify knowledge as a fundamental part of their jobs.

Mainframe and Minicomputers

First Era

Mainframe and Minicomputers

During the early years, information systems were centralized and concerned solely with governance and the needs of management.

Mainframe and Minicomputers

Most information systems and their reports were under the control of accounting departments.

Mainframe and Minicomputers

Technology at the time included third-generation mainframe computers such as the IBM 360 and minicomputers.

Mainframe and Minicomputers

Languages used include Assembler, Fortran, COBOL, and Database.

Mainframe and Minicomputers

Ethernet networks were developed during this time.

Personal Computer

Second Era

Personal Computer

While information systems were still concerned with governance and the needs of management, more departments were beginning to benefit from the technology.

Personal Computer

In many companies, steering committees and user-led initiatives determine the scope of additional information systems projects.

Personal Computer

Technology included the first personal computers (PCs) and mid-range computers.

Client/Server

Third Era

Client/Server

In this era, concentrated information systems started to spread, and information became deconcentrated.

Client/Server

Technological difficulties and costs decreased, and an enterprise's need to share information grew.

Client/Server

During this era, a new position arose in many companies to oversee the procurement and management of multiple information systems: the Chief Information Officer or CIO.

Client/Server

Technology during this era included internetworking and the emergence of the Internet.

Enterprise

Fourth Era

Enterprise

During this era, information systems are still tied to governance and management, although the systems are widely distributed to every employee who needs them across multiple platforms.

Enterprise

This era combined all aspects of the business enterprise, offering rich information access surrounding the complete management structure.

Enterprise

Technology now includes social media, search engines, and various computing through a variety of platforms, including laptops and smartphones.

Cloud Computing

Fifth Era

Cloud Computing

This era uses networking technology that delivers applications and data storage independent of the configuration or location of the hardware.

Cloud Computing

Along with high-speed smartphones and Wi-Fi networks, this era has led to new levels of flexibility, such as cloud computing, in which managers may access information systems anywhere with a laptop, tablet, or smartphone.

Transaction Processing Systems, Management Information Systems, Office Automation Systems, Knowledge Management Systems, Decision Support Systems, Mobile Applications, Intelligent Systems

Categories of Information Systems

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

These handle the day-to-day business data at the operational level of the organization.

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

It systematically processes customer transactions to generate a considerable amount of data.

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

These will be used to learn about customers and their preferences as well as the ever-changing product trends.

Management Information Systems (MIS)

These produce detailed and specified information to help manage a company.

Management Information Systems (MIS)

It is used when TPS data are sorted and organized to support a broad range of managerial decisions.

Management Information Systems (MIS)

It is used primarily for inventory management and planning systems.

Management Information Systems (MIS)

This retrieves TPS information, collects it, and generates a report for the management level to have relevant insights on a situation.

Management Information Systems (MIS)

Summaries and comparisons allow senior managers to optimize the decision-making process to achieve better results.

Office Automation Systems (OAS)

These support a wide range of predefined day-to-day work activities of individuals and businesses.

Office Automation Systems (OAS)

Such systems include word processors (Microsoft Word), spreadsheets (Microsoft Excel), presentation software (Microsoft PowerPoint), collaboration systems for email (Microsoft Outlook), automated calendaring, and thread discussions.

Knowledge Management Systems (KMS)

These help organizations to effectively capture, store, and retrieve organizational knowledge to help enhance learning and optimize collaboration efforts to complete tasks.

employee training materials, company policies, and procedures

Examples of documents retrieved in KMS include

Decision Support Systems (DSS)

These analyze data and support decision-making.

Decision Support Systems (DSS)

These are utilized by managerial-level employees to resolve problems such as sales forecasting and resource optimization, as well as to support decisions at all levels such as loan and investment analysis.

Mobile Applications

These represent a new application model in information systems.

Mobile Applications

These represent a niche application model for companies and business systems needing mobile information broadcasting and simple applications.

Artificial Intelligence

One of the leading technologies in Intelligent Systems is _________ _________.

Intelligent Systems

This is a science of allowing information technologies to simulate human intelligence, such as reasoning and learning, and gaining sensing capabilities, such as seeing, hearing, or feeling human experiences.

Information Systems Hardware

it is an integral part of the Information Systems infrastructure and is classified into two types

Input and Output

two types of hardware

Scanners, Smart Cards, Biometric Devices, Voice Input

Input Technologies

Scanners

used to convert printed or handwritten text and images into digital data on a computer.

Scanners

these range from small handheld devices to desktop boxes that resemble personal photocopy machines.

Smart Cards

used for various applications, including verification, building access, or making payments.

Smart Cards

These usually contain a microprocessor chip, memory circuits, or a magnetic stripe to work.

Biometric Devices

used for identification and verification purposes.

Biometric Devices

It can read certain body features, including irises, fingerprints, and hand or face measures.

Voice Input

Voice data is entered into a computer system using microphones.

Voice Input

Speech recognition makes it possible for computers and smartphones to understand speech and vocabulary.

Printers and Monitors

Output Technologies

Printers

These output devices produce a copy of alphanumeric data or documents from a computer.

Printers

vary in price, performance, and capabilities, such as document size, colored or black and white, resolution, and quality.

Monitors

used to display information from a computer which can vary depending on the price, performance, and capabilities.

Monitors

can be in color, black and white, or monochrome.

Electronic Communication Tools

This application software lets users convey verbal and written information and send files, documents, or other content such as fax, email, voice mail, and blogs.

Microsoft Outlook, Viber, Discord

Examples of Electronic Communication Tools

Microsoft Outlook

is an email application that secures email, calendar, and files connected in one application.

Viber

a private and fun messaging and calling application that can connect people worldwide.

Discord

a free voice, video, and messaging application used to talk and hang out with their communities, such as gaming.

Electronic Conferencing Tools

These tools allow information sharing and engaging user interactions, such as internet forums and video conferencing.

Microsoft Teams, Zoom, Google Meet

Examples of Electronic Conferencing Tools

Microsoft Teams

allow users to call with up to 1000 members, with the ability to share screens and record calls.

Zoom

used for audio and video conferencing, webinars, meeting recordings, and livestreams.

Google Meet

the business-oriented version of Google's Hangouts platform is suitable for businesses of all sizes.

Google Docs, Microsoft Office Online, Microsoft SharePoint

Examples of Collaboration Management Tools

Google Docs

allows users to create joint proposals and reports and keep track of meeting notes using a web browser

Microsoft Office Online

a free version of Office 365 as a web application that includes MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint, etc., all accessible via a web browser.

Microsoft SharePoint

a simple sharing and collaboration application that centers on teamwork with dynamic and productive team sites for every project team and department.