Honors Biology Chapter 10: The Diversity of Plants

Eukaryotes

Organisms that have a nucleus and organelles.

Bryophytes

Short plants that require enough rainwater and are typically green.

Ferns

Vascular plants that can move materials from roots to shoots and do not need to be low to the ground.

Gymnosperms

Plants that produce naked seeds, which start new plants.

Angiosperms

Plants that have evolved flowers and are primarily reproduced through insect pollination.

Autotrophs

Organisms that are self feeders and produce their own food.

Cell Wall

Structure made of cellulose that is durable and protects spores.

Terrestrial

Organisms that live on land.

Sporophyte

The diploid stage in the alternation of generations.

Photosynthesis

The process of taking energy from the sun and converting it into chemical energy.

Embryophytes

Plants that have protected embryos.

Rhizoids

Root like structures used to anchor bryophytes (non-vascular plants). Lack vascular tissue,

Alternation of Generations

Type of life cycle seen in plants. Diploid sporophytes that produced by meiosis alternate with Haploid Gametophytes that produce gametes by mitosis.

Moss Life Cycle

The Gametophyte stage (Haploid/n) that is the most dominant stage. It produces gametes Antheridia and Archegonia.

Antheridia

Flagellated (sperm/male)

Archegonia

(egg/female)

Sporophyte

Capsule containing spores (Diploid/2n) 2nd generation/offspring in moss reproduction.

Gametophytes

The haploid stage in the alternation of generations where meiosis creates spores.

Thallus

The body of a bryophyte (non-vascular plants.)

Heteromorphy

Alternation of distinct generations

Epiphytes

Endophyte

Perennial

Grows in same spot every year.

Pterophyta (Ferns)

Have well developed vascular tissue, roots, and stems and are their most dominant stage is Sporophyte.

Frond

The fern leaf. Contains “Sori” which produce “sporangia” which produce “Spores”

Rhizome

Underground stem containing roots.

Prothallus

Archegonia (egg) and antheridia with(flagellated sperm)

A Fern Life Cycle

Fruits

Ripened/mature ovaries of flowers and adaptations that help disperse seeds. Houses and protects seeds.

Seed dispersal (primary function of fruits)

mechanisms that include relying on wind, hitching a ride on animals (cocklebur), or fleshy, edible fruits that attract animals, which then deposit the seed in a supply of natural fertilizer (defecation) at some distance from the parent plant.

Dry Fruits

Corn, rice, wheat, and other grains

Fleshy Fruits

Apples, cherries, tomatoes, cucumbers, and squash

Spices

nutmeg, cinnamon, cumin, cloves, ginger, and licorice are also angiosperm fruits.

Pepper Fruits

harvested before ripening, then dried and ground into powder or sold whole as “peppercorns.”

Dicots or Eudictos

which are most plants, have

Most Angiosperms are dicots

two cotyledons

branched leaf venation

a ring of vascular bundles

flower parts in fours or fives (or multiples)

a taproot system

Monocots

such as wheat and corn, have

one cotyledon

parallel leaf venation

scattered vascular bundles

flower parts in threes or multiples of three

fibrous roots

Cotyledon

Seed leaves

Root Hairs

Tiny finger-like projections off of roots that enormously increase the surface area for absorption of water.

Nodes

The points at which leaves are attached to the stem.

Internodes

The portions of the stem between nodes.

Leaves

The main photosynthetic organs in most plants, although green parts !!!!!!!!!!!

Terminal Buds

The apex of stems (highest point), with developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes.

-If removed, will increase the growth of axillary buds.

Axillary Buds

Found in the angles formed by the leaf and the stem.

Apical Dominance

Stolons

Horizontal stems on top of soil for asecual reproduction (strawberries)

Tubers

Modified for storage of energy (food) and asexual reproduction (potatoes).

Rhizomes

Horizontal stems below soil surface for storage of energy and asexual reproduction (bulb flowers/iris)

Tendril

Modified plant with its tips coiled around a support structure, or protection, such as a cactus spine or grapes.

Dermal Tissue

Provides a protective outer covering.

Vascular Tissue

Provides support and long-distance transport.

Ground Tissue

(Mesophyllmesophyll in leaves) composes the bulk of the plant body and is involved in

 photosynthesis, storage, and support.

Pith

Stores food

Dermal Tissue

(outer surface of plant) form a layer of tightly packed cells called the epidermis, the first line of defense against damage and infection, and a waxy layer called the cuticle, which reduces water loss.

Xylem

(vessel) vascular (dead) tissue contains water- conducting cells that convey water and dissolved minerals upward from roots.)

Phloem

(sieve-tube elements) vascular (living) tissue contains cells that transport

sugars and other organic nutrients from leaves or storage tissues downward to other parts of the plant such as the roots.

Mesophyll

Leaf ground tissue.

Stomata

Allows for exchange of CO2 and O2 between the surrounding air and the photosynthetic cells inside the leaf.

Guard Cells

Two cells that flank the stoma to regulate the opening and closing of the stoma or CO2 movement in and out of leaf.

Determinate Growth

(Most animals) stopping growth after a certain size

Indeterminate Growth

(Most plants) continuing to grow throughout a plant’s life, does not stop growing.

Annuals

Complete their life cycle in one year.

Biennials

Complete their life cycle in two years.

Perennials

Grow year after year.

Meristems

Specialized tissues where plant growth occurs (mitosis), consisting of

undifferentiated cells that divide when conditions permit.

Apical Meristems

found near the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots of stems and provide new growth that increases length of plant.

Primary Plant Growth

Secondary Plant Growth

Lateral Meristems

Vascular Cambium

A lateral meristem that lies between primary xylem and primary phloem.

Cork Cambium

A lateral meristem that lies at the outer edge of the stem cortex. Produces cells in one direction, the outer bark, which is composed of cork cells.

Secondary Xylem (woody plants)

Produces wood toward the interior of the stem. In temperate regions, periods of dormancy stop growth of secondary xylem.

Secondary Phloem (woody plants)

Produces the inner bark toward the exterior of the stem.

Wood Rays

Consist of parenchyma cells that transport water and nutrients, store organic nutrients, and aid in wound repair.

Sapwood

Near the vascular cambium conducts xylem fluid (sap).

Heartwood

Consists of older layers of secondary xylem that no longer transports water & minerals but instead stores resins and wastes.