Unit 7 AP Euro Wayzata

elite

suggests the minority within a given range of interests (thus, not only existed in wealth, but also of power, fashion, art, technology)

carnival

came from the French "carne vale" or "farewell meat"; went on for many weeks before Lent (where Christians abstained from eating meat); climaxed in France with Mardi Gras ("fat Tuesday")

popular culture

the culture of the peasants and majority of people

the world turned upside down

refers to a common theme of Carnival, which was, in general, a time for defying custom and ridiculing authority; for example, wives would be wielding guns and husbands would be holding babies; also, men and women would switch clothes, etc

domestic system

people who characteristically worked in their own cottages and were employed as wage earners by merchant capitalists

mercantilism

the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism

East India Companies

companies created for many countries so they could do business in America and the East

plantation economy

the whole economic system that arose around the "plantation" (an economic unit consisting of considerable land, sizable investment of capital, often owned by absentees in France or England, used a force of impressed labor supplied by African slaves)

Duke of Orleans

ruled France as regent for the young Louis XV (Louis XIV's great grandson)

the Regency

the period in French history between 1715 and 1723, when the Duke of Orleans ruled as regent for young Louis XV

Whigs

a minority of a few landowning noblemen, wealthy London merchants, lesser business people, and nonconformists in religion; generally controlled the House of the Lords

Tories

held the majority in the House of Commons

Non-Jurors

one who refuses to swear a particular oath; did not accept William and Mary as rulers of England; therefore, they saw James III as the true king

Queen Anne

the last reigning Stuart; died in 1714 and was succeeded by German George I, Elector of Hanover

James III

the son of James II in France; his followers (Jacobites) claimed that he had the divine right to the monarchy and regarded him with a special name, but he was also referenced to as the Pretender

John Law

the financial wizard of France who was responsible for the "Mississippi bubble" and fled to Brussells when the bubble popped

Mississippi bubble

the get-rich-quick scam that popped in France; grew out of the situation where promoters and organizers, anticipating a profit in one line or another, were looking for capital with which to work

Jacobites

the partisans of "James III"/the Pretender; name comes from Latin for James; claimed that James had the divine right to be king and thought he should give up Catholicism to become the rightful king

the Fifteen

refers to 1715 when the Pretender marched into Scotland, gained support from the Highlands and declared a rebellion against George I

the Forty-five

refers to 1745 when the Pretender's son, "Bonnie Prince Charlie"/"Young Pretender" headed to Scotland and declared rebellion

South Sea bubble

like the "Mississippi bubble" of France, but in England

Cardinal Fleury

took over French affairs after the Regent was discredited

George I

signified the ending of the Stuart dynasty; king of England and was viewed, at best, as a political convenience; German and didn't reside in England for much time

Robert Walpole

the new financial minister of France after John Law; passed the "Bubble act"; saved the South Sea Company, East India Company and the Bank; set up the system of sinking fund, the debt was considered the entire nation's problem; allowed no exceptions from taxes based on class or rank

Bubble Act

passed by Parliament forbidding all companies except those specifically chartered by the government to raise capital by the sale of stock

War of Jenkins' Ear

Captain Jenkins carried around a box with ear in it saying that the Spaniards cut it off; stirred up emotion at a testimony in the House of Common

Frederick II

King of Prussia beginning in 1740; an aged cynic who started the War of Austrian Succession

Maria Theresa

Austrian ruler; literally kicked butt as a leader and was mighty fertile; one of the most capable rulers from the House of Habsburg; reconstructed her empire through her methodical ways, practical sense and political talents

Count Kaunitz

the foreign minister of Maria Theresa; perhaps the most artful diplomat of the century; proposed an alliance between Austria and France

Pragmatic Sanction

a general agreement signed by European powers that stipulated that all domain of the Austrian Habsburg should be inherited integrally by the daughter of Charles VI, Maria Theresa

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

"ended" the War of Austrian Succession; Britain and France agreed to "status quo ante bellum" (set things back to the way they were)

Diplomatic Revolution of 1756

due to the "reversal of alliances" where Austria allied with France and Britain and Prussia allied

William Pitt

led the British; concentrated effort on the navy and colonies while subsidizing Frederick of Prussia to fight in Europe; man of wide vision and exceptional confidence

Peace of Hubertusburg

Austro-Prussian treaty; under which Frederick II lost nothing and retained Silesia

French and Indian Wars

the Seven Years' War in North America

Treaty of Paris 1763

Britain gets all French land east of the Mississippi River, Spain gets all French land west of the Mississippi, France retains the West Indies Islands and its slave stations