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Niccolo Machavelli
Emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power, one of the most influential authors of the Italian Renaissance.
Humanism
A cultural movement durring the renaissance that emphasized human ideas and beings over religious ideas. Focussed on Human potential and classical texts.
Johannes Guternberg
Invented the Movable type, greatly expanded written books and pamphlets.
Martin Luther
German Monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 these to the door of whittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed by the Catholic church.
Jean Calvin
French Protestant; established center in Swiss Canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, education; and Calvinism gods predistination or prior determination to those who would be saved.
Anglican Church
Form of Protestantism in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII; created to divorce his first wife, whom became protestant after Henry’s death.
Jesuits
A Chatholic religious order that values politics, education, and missionary work.
Proletariat
Class of working people without access to producing property, manufacturing workers, paid laborers, or urban poor
Copernicus
Polish Astronomer, Disproved the Helenistic belief that the earth was the center of the universe using a Heliocentric Model
Galileo
Published Copernicus’ findings; added his own laws of planetary motion and gravity; condemned by the catholic church
William Harvey
English Physician who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals; function of the heart was a pump
Rene Descartes
Established important s of skepticisim; argued that human reason could develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature; Cognito Ergo Sum
Isaac Newton
Made wider theories into natural laws and astronomy; Defined the laws of gravity
Deism
Concept of God where he set things in motion and never changed it since. Not to regulate once the process has begun
John Loche
Argued that people can learn things through reason and senses; also belived that the power of the government came from the people; offered the possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants
Glorious Revolution
The English Overthrow Jame II in 1688; resulted in the creation of parlament having basic sovereignty over the king
Parliamentary monarchy
Monarchs have to be checked by legislative powers in parliaments.
Adam Smith
Established liberal Economics argues that government should govern Laziez Faire. (hands off)
Edict of Nanites
Granted religious tolerance to Protestant and Catholic Factions
Johannes Kepler
Astronomer and Mathmetitian that was a prominent figure throught the Scientific revolution; Studdied planetary motion
Mary WallStoneCraft
Woman Scientist; political rights should extend to women
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Society agrees to be governed by its general will; Emotion and education essential to human development.
Charles Louis, The Baron de Montesquieu
Man who believed there should be seperation of powers; 3 types of government
Diderot
Attacked superstition and folklore; Social Reform
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