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Number of immigrants arriving between 1860-1890
10 million immigrants arrived, 1860-1890.
Percentage of population in large communities by 1900
20% of population
Push Factors
Economic and political upheavals in Europe.
Pull Factors
Demand for labor and cheap farmland in America.
Great Chicago Fire
1871 disaster, 250 killed, 100,000 homeless.
Year of NYC Central Park establishment
1873
Number of libraries built between 1881-1907
1000
Raw Materials
Iron and coal crucial for economic growth.
Transcontinental railway completion
First transcontinental railway completed in 1869.
Rail Distance increase
Rail coverage increased from 80,000 to 250,000 km.
Government Subsidies
Financial support for railroad development.
Corporations
Legal entities allowing collective ownership in business.
Trust
Group of corporations acting as a single entity.
Andrew Carnegie
Steel industry leader, sold company for $225 million.
John D. Rockefeller
Controlled 90% of US oil refineries.
Robber Barons
Critics of wealthy industrialists manipulating markets.
Entrepreneurs
Praised for innovation and charitable contributions.
Farming Technology
New tools improved efficiency for Western farmers.
Homestead Act 1862
Gave 64ha free for improving land.
Alaska Purchase
Acquired from Russia for $7.2 million.
****** Raids
Attacks by Irish Americans against Canada.
Aboriginal Conflicts
Settlement led to decline of buffalo populations.
Assimilation Policies
Reservation system and farming attempts for natives.
Chief Red Cloud
Aboriginal leader resisting U.S. expansion.
Geronimo
Leader of Apache resistance against U.S. forces.
Battle of Little Big Horn
Famous battle involving Sioux and Cheyenne.
Steel Plough
Improved farming efficiency in the West.
Windmills
Pumped water from underground aquifers for farming.
Barbed Wire
Used to fence land and protect crops.
