Anatomy test 2

organelle

any of several different types of membrane-enclosed specialized structures in the cell that perform specific functions for the cell

ER

cellular organelle that consists of interconnected membrane-bound tubules, which may or may not be associated with ribosomes (rough type or smooth type, respectively)

Golgi Apparatus

cellular organelle formed by a series of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that functions in protein modification, tagging, packaging, and transport

lysosome

membrane-bound cellular organelle originating from the Golgi apparatus and containing digestive enzymes

mitochondrion

one of the cellular organelles bound by a double lipid bilayer that function primarily in the production of cellular energy (ATP)

cytoskeleton

“skeleton” of a cell; formed by rod-like proteins that support the cell’s shape and provide, among other functions, locomotive abilities

ribosome

cellular organelle that functions in protein synthesis

nucleus

cell’s central organelle; contains the cell’s DNA

chromatin

substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins

chromosome

condensed version of chromatin

Gap Junction

allows cytoplasmic communications to occur between cells

tight junction

forms an impermeable barrier between cells

cell junction

point of cell-to-cell contact that connects one cell to another in a tissue

epithelial membrane

epithelium attached to a layer of connective tissue

nervous tissue

type of tissue that is capable of sending and receiving impulses through electrochemical signals.

muscle tissue

type of tissue that is capable of contracting and generating tension in response to stimulation; produces movement.

connective tissue

type of tissue that serves to hold in place, connect, and integrate the body’s organs and systems

epithelial tissue

type of tissue that serves primarily as a covering or lining of body parts, protecting the body; it also functions in absorption, transport, and secretion

tissue membrane

thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body, organs, and internal cavities

histology

microscopic study of tissue architecture, organization, and function

stem cell

cell that is oligo-, multi-, or pleuripotent that has the ability to produce additional stem cells rather than becoming further specialized

cytokinesis

final stage in cell division, where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells

mitosis

division of genetic material, during which the cell nucleus breaks down and two new, fully functional, nuclei are formed

interphase

entire life cycle of a cell, excluding mitosis

cell cycle

life cycle of a single cell, from its birth until its division into two new daughter cells

translation

process of producing a protein from the nucleotide sequence code of an mRNA transcript

transcription

process of producing an mRNA molecule that is complementary to a particular gene of DNA

mutation

change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell’s DNA

dna replication

process of duplicating a molecule of DNA

gene

functional length of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein

Fluid Connective Tissue

specialized cells that circulate in a

watery fluid containing salts, nutrients,

and dissolved proteins

Connective Tissue Proper

connective tissue containing a viscous

matrix, fibers, and cells.

Loose Connective Tissue

(also, areolar tissue) type of

connective tissue proper that shows

little specialization with cells dispersed

in the matrix

Dense Connective Tissue

connective tissue proper that contains

many fibers that provide both elasticity

and protection

Collagen Fiber

flexible fibrous proteins that give

connective tissue tensile strength

Elastic Fiber

fibrous protein within connective tissue

that contains a high percentage of the

protein elastin that allows the fibers to

stretch and return to original size

Reticular Fiber

fine fibrous protein, made of collagen

subunits, which cross-link to form

supporting “nets” within connective

tissue

Areolar Tissue

(also, loose connective tissue) a type of

connective tissue proper that shows

little specialization with cells dispersed

in the matrix

Adipose Tissue

specialized areolar tissue rich in stored

fat

Hyaline Cartilage

most common type of cartilage, smooth

and made of short collagen fibers

embedded in a chondroitin sulfate

ground substance

Elastic Cartilage

type of cartilage, with elastin as the

major protein, characterized by rigid

support as well as elasticity