Psychology IAS Y11

For Exam Revision

What was the aim of Luby's study on poverty and the brain?

To investigate the impacts of socioeconomic status on children's brain development, focusing on areas like the hippocampus, and how poverty-related stress influences neuroplasticity.

What was the aim of Brown and Harris' study on depression?

To investigate how social factors and major life events, interacting with risk and protective factors in Brown’s Vulnerability Model of Depression, could impact the onset of depression

What was the aim of Garrison's study on race and PTSD?

To investigate the impact of racial discrimination, cognitive appraisals and socioeconomic factors on the prevalence of PTSD

What was the aim of Bourgeois & Bowen/Jetten's study on social identity?

To explore the relationships between social identity, social group dynamics, and social categorization among members of distinct social identities.

What was the aim of Park and Rothbart's study on cognitive biases?

To investigate how individuals exhibit cognitive biases such as outgroup homogeneity and in-group favouritism, impacting stereotypes and prejudice.

What was the aim of Phelps' study on implicit bias?

To research on implicit bias using neuroimaging techniques, particularly fMRI, to observe amygdala activation in response to different social groups.

What is marginalization?

Marginalization is the process where a group or individual is pushed to the edge of society and prevented from having a meaningful voice or equal access to resources.

What is prejudice?

Prejudice is a preconceived judgment or opinion, often based on limited information, usually negative, and directed towards a group or individual.

What is discrimination?

Discrimination is the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex.

What is socioeconomic status?

Socioeconomic status (SES) is a measure of a person's or group's social and economic position based on factors like income, education, and occupation.

What is stereotyping?

Stereotyping is a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.

What are the levels of discrimination?

The levels of discrimination include internalized, interpersonal, institutional, and structural.

What is internalized discrimination?

Internalized discrimination occurs when individuals accept negative messages about their own group and internalize them, leading to negative self-perception.

What is interpersonal discrimination?

Interpersonal discrimination refers to discriminatory actions or behaviors that individuals exhibit when interacting with others.

What is institutional discrimination?

Institutional discrimination refers to discriminatory policies or practices within institutions (e.g., schools, workplaces) that disadvantage certain groups.

What is psychology?

Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. It’s subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans.

How does poverty affect the brain?

Poverty can affect brain development, leading to reduced cognitive function, increased stress, and mental health issues.

What is neuroplasticity?

Neuroplasticity is the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life.

What is synaptic pruning?

Synaptic pruning is the process of eliminating synaptic connections in the brain to increase efficiency.

What is neurogenesis?

Neurogenesis is the process by which new neurons are generated in the brain.

What is the hippocampus?

The hippocampus is a region of the brain primarily associated with memory and spatial navigation.

How are poverty and depression linked?

Poverty is associated with increased stress, lack of resources, and limited opportunities, all of which are risk factors for depression.

What is Brown's Vulnerability Model of Depression?

Brown’s Vulnerability Model of Depression explains how risk factors, protective factors, and major life events interact to influence the likelihood of developing depression.

What is depression?

Depression is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act.

How are race, poverty, and PTSD related?

Racial minorities are disproportionately affected by poverty, which increases exposure to trauma and the risk of developing PTSD.

What is PTSD?

PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) is a mental health condition that's triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it.

What are cognitive appraisals?

Cognitive appraisals are the subjective interpretations individuals make about events or situations, influencing their emotional reactions.

What is social identity?

Social identity is the part of an individual’s self-concept derived from knowledge of membership in a social group or groups combined with the value and emotional significance attached to that membership.

What is a social group?

A social group is two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity.

What are the components of Social Identity Theory?

The components of Social Identity Theory include social categorization, social identification, social comparison, and positive distinctiveness.

What is social categorization?

Social categorization is the process of classifying people into groups based on similar characteristics.

What is social identification?

Social identification is the process of associating oneself with a particular social group and adopting its norms and values.

What is social comparison?

Social comparison is the process of comparing one's own group with other groups to evaluate their relative standing.

What is positive distinctiveness?

Positive distinctiveness is the motivation to show that one's own group is better than other groups.

What are cognitive biases?

Cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment.

What is outgroup homogeneity?

Outgroup homogeneity is the tendency to see outgroup members as all alike, while seeing ingroup members as diverse.

What is in-group favouritism?

In-group favouritism is the tendency to favour members of one's own group over those in other groups.

What is implicit bias?

Implicit bias refers to the attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner.

What is the amygdala?

The amygdala is a region of the brain primarily associated with processing emotions, especially fear and aggression.