KAAP309 Exam 1 Set 2

homeostasis

the body's ability to detect changed, activate mechanism that oppose it, and thereby achieve *relatively* stable conditions

gap junctions, neurotransmitters, paracrines, hormones

what are the 4 primary ways cells communicate?

gap junctions

a cellular communication; call to cell, pass information back and forth between cell junctions

neurotransmitters

a cellular communication; neurons- chemical style of communication

paracrines

a cellular communication; "local hormones" secreted by a cell and sends paracrines out in space and hopes other cells pick up what it's saying

hormones

a cellular communication; chemical- released by glands and organs and then use the bloodstream to get to target

the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

what are the subdivisions of the nervous system?

they use 3 pathways

how do neurons communicate?

excitability, conductivity, secretion

what are the three pathways neurons use to communicate?

excitability

all cells are excitable and respond to different stimuli ex- some in fingers that react to pain.

conductivity

respond by producing electrical impulses (change which can then be shared with other neurons)

secretion

fundamental cellular process that entails synthesis, modification, sorting and release of secretory proteins to the extracellular milieu or delivery of different components to the cell surface.

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

what are the three embryonic tissues?

Ectoderm

most outer layer in embryonic development, helped ultimately reduced the skin, our eyes, the brain; the "attracto-derm" makes us attractives

Mesoderm

middle layer, mesenchyme tissue, helps become cardiac muscle, bone, blood and many other connective tissues.

Endoderm

innermost layer, develops mucus membrane, important for development of GI tract and respiratory system.

connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous

what are the 4 major classifications of tissues types

epithelial tissue

it provides protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory; it is named depending on the shape and number of cells; key characteristics are apical surface (borders open space) and basal surface (next to underlying connective tissue

connective tissue

it binds support, protection, insulates, stores and transportation, key characterics- are electro cellular matrix, also has a common origin of mesenchymal stromal cell

muscle tissue

it contraction/ movement; voluntary or involuntary

nervous tissue

respons to stimuli (generates impulse), and transmits impulse

epithelial tissue examples

simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium, Stratified Squamous Epithelium, Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium, Transitional epithelium

connective tissue examples

bone, blood, hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, loose areolar, adipose, loose reticular, dense regular, dense irregular, dense elastic,

muscle tissue examples

skeletal (voluntary), smooth(involuntary) , and cardiac (involuntary)

nervous tissue examples

neurons and neuroglia

simple squamous

easy diffusion, secretion, find them in lungs, kidneys and vessels

simple cuboidal

secretion and absorption, find them in kidneys, glands, ovary

simple columnar

secretion, absorption, find them in GI, gallbladder, glands

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

secretion, propel mucus, found in trachea and upper respiratory tract, in sperm carrying ducts and large glands; single layer but the cells are different heights, they all touch the basement membrane but since different heights don't all reach the apical surface.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

Location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized type forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

purpose is secretion and found in sweat glands ovaries and testes

Transitional epithelium

urothelium- it stretched, and found in urinary tract and bladder

glandular epithelial tissue

all glands produce a product, or secretion;

merocrine glands

pancreas, sweat glands, salivary glands

holocrine glands

sebaceous (oil) glands of the ski

lungs

endoderm

Brain and eyes

ectoderm

heart

mesoderm

classified by where they secrete and the number of cells

How are glands classified structurally and functionally?

loose areolar connective tissue

support, defense, storage, Universal; present in all mucous membranes as lamina propria,

Loose areolar connective tissue predominate calle

fibroblast

adipose

supports , defense, insulation, storage

universal ; 18% of weight

adipose predominate cell

adipocytes

loose reticular connective tissue

supports defense cells; found in lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)

loose reticular connective tissue predominate cell

reticular cells

Dense Regular connective tissue

strength, found in tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

Dense Regular connective tissue predominant cell

fibroblasts

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Strength (structural and functional)

Found in capsules, dermis, digestive tract

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Predominate cell

fibroblasts cells

Dense elastic connective tissue

Recoil

Found in arteries, some ligaments, lungs

Dense elastic connective tissue Predominate cell

elastic fibers

Hyaline Cartilage

supports & cushion

Located in end of bones (articular cartilage), costal cartilages, nose, trachea, and larynx

Hyaline Cartilage Predominate cell

chondrocytes

Elastic cartilage

Shape and flexibility

Found in external ear and epiglottis

Elastic cartilage Predominate cell

chondrocytes and elastic fibers

Fibrocartilage

(when you see blue slide it is probably this) Strength and shock absorption;

Found in intervertebral discs, menisci, pubic symphysis

Fibrocartilage predominant cell

chondrocytes and collagen fibers

bone

hard , calcified matrix (osteons) with peripheral osteocytes

"Tree ring" pattern

Support and protection

blood

Non-traditional: cells (erythrocytes) surrounded by fluid (plasma)

Carry nutrients, wastes, respiratory gasses, and other substances

Skeletal muscle (voluntary)

long , cylindrical shaped with many peripheral nuclei

Patterned striations location- skeletal muscles

smooth muscle (involuntary)

Spindle shaped with one central nucleus

No visible striations

Location- digestion, urinary tract/ bladder, uterus, blood vessels

Cardiac muscle (involuntary)

Branching cells with one central nucleus

Cells connected with intercalated disc

Location- heart

neurons

highly specialized nerve cells

neuroglia

support insulate and protect the neurons

cutaneous membrane

keratinized stratified epithelium (epidermis) attached to connective tissue (dermis);

Only dry membrane

Serous membrane

(stays in the body); Simple squamous (mesothelium) over a thin layer of areolar connective tissue;

Line all body cavities that do not open to the outside world;

Pleurae, pericardium, peritoneum;

West membrane

Mucous Membrane

(goes to the outside world); Stratified squamous/ simple columnar over a layer of areolar connective tissue (lamina propria)

protection, other barrier, vitamin B synthesis, cutaneous sensation, thermoregulation, non-verbal communication

what are the primary functions of the skin

blood reservoir, excretion properties

what are the secondary functions of the skin

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

what are the 3 layers of the skin?

epithelial cells

what is the epidermis made up of?

dense connective tissue

what is the dermis made up of?

Adipose + areolar connective tissue

what is the hypodermis made up of?

keratinocytes, stem cells, melanocytes, dendritic cells, exteroreceptors

cells of the epidermis

keratinocytes

Majority of epidermis, Synthesize keratin,

Keratin

fibroid protein that gives the epidermis its protective properties

stem cells

Undifferentiated cells \>>> give rise to keratinocytes; Found in deepest layer of the epidermis

melanocytes

Synthesize pigment (melanin); Found in deepest layer of the epidermis; Continually shed melanosomes from their tips

dendritic cells

Biological barrier, against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens; Found in middle two layers of epidermis; Because they are apart of immune system they originate from our

Oral cavity, esophagus, anus, vaginal canal- higher concentration of dendritic cells