Understanding individuals and groups

What is fundamental attribution error?

Overemphasise dispositional (internal) explanations for other’s behaviour rather than situational (external)

What is the person-situation controversy?

Personality traits are not good at predicting how people will behave in a given s

Situational factors do no explain behaviour more than personality traits

Funder & Ozer 1983

Studies for examining personality need to take a… approach

Aggregate (Epstein, 1973)

Fleeson says behaviour is… and… (2001)

Stable/unstable

What is rank order stability?

Set order we expect things to be (introvert vs extrovert at bar, friends…)

Funder and Colvin 1991-Discuss with stranger x2

Coded 62 features/45 correlated across both sessions/20 significantly differed

Furnham 1981 and Zuckermann 1974 - situations that match

Personality

What is situation evocation?

Unintentional alteration of situation by one’s own presence (Buss, 1987)

What is the replication crisis?

Not studies replicated (2015-67% not replicated)

What is the file drawer effect?

Not significant findings so work not published

Gergen makes a point about how studies are just infact a matter of…

Historical enquiry

3 components of attitudes

Thought/feeling/action (ABC model)

What are the four functions of attitudes?

Knowledge/instrumental/ego defence/value expressive

Direct measures of attitudes

Thurstone’s scale/Guttman’s scalogram/Osgood’s semantic differential/Likert

Indirect methods of measuring attitudes

Physiological measures/implicit association test

Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975 - attitudes are…

Learnt not innate

What is the mere exposure effect?

More exposure to stimuli leads to more attraction (Zajonc 1968)

Repeated exposure effect diminishes after…

10 exposures (Bornstein 1989)

Instrumental conditioning (Kimble 1961)

Responses which yield positive outcomes or eliminate negative outcomes are strengthened

Self perception is… (Bem 1972)

Attitudes are informed by our behaviour and making internal attributions for that behaviour

What is attitude behaviour problem? (La Piere, 1934)

Behaviour not aligning with attitudes (Discrimination for diners on phone VS in person)

What four things did Ajzen and Fishbein 1977 think were involved in attitude and behavioural measures?

Action/target/context/time

What did Fazio 1995 say about attitude strength?

Stronger the attitude, the more likely we are to enact on it

Those with low self monitors have a…

Higher attitude behaviour correlation

What can break the attitude behaviour link? (Oskamp, 1984)

Habits

What is the theory of reasoned action?

Behaviours controlled by attitudes and subjective norms

What is theory of planned behaviour?

Behaviour controlled due to attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control

What are cognitive consistency theories?

Attitudes change to be consistent with each other

What is cognitive dissonance?

Tension between attitudes

What is forced compliance? (Festinger and Carlsmith 1959)

Forced into making a choice

What is effort justification?

Lots of effort = rate goal as more positive

What is selective exposure hypothesis?

Avoid information that goes against beliefs

The latitude of acceptance is…

Self perception

The latitude of rejection is…

Cognitive dissonance

What are the three main types of behavioural request?

Foot in the door/door in the face/low ball

Foot in the door stats

53% more likely to accept large request after smaller request 22%

What is sunk cost fallacy?

Person is reluctant to give up on something when they have put so much effort into it

Yale Attitude Change Approach says people are persuaded based on three things

Source/message/audience

What attributes of the source of the message are important for attitude change?

Credibility/appearance/similarity

What attributes of the message itself is important?

One or two sided/Fact vs feeling

What is protection motivation theory?

Based on threat appraisal and coping appraisal/response is dependent on personal threat

What is the dual process models of persuasion?

Central and peripheral route

What is social influence?

How people affect each other

What is conformity?

Change in beliefs, opinions and behaviours as result of pressure from others

What is compliance?

Responding favourably to explicit request by another

What is obedience?

Submitting to demands of another person in authority

What is automatic mimicry?

Copying those around us in a spontaneous and automatic sense

What is ideomotor action?

Merely thinking about an action makes it more likely

What was Sherif’s auto kinetic effect experiment?

Visual illusion where light appears to move/converge on a group norm

What is informational social influence?

Ambiguous situation leads us to look to others for guidance

What did Neighbors et al 2007 find about misperceived social norms?

Students tend to overestimate descriptive norms for student drinking

What was Asch’s conformity experiment?

Match line to line of same length

Asch’s experiment stats

75% gave at least 1 incorrect answer/37% of all responses were conforming

What is normative social influence?

Conform to social norms to avoid social sanctions

What is the difference between normative VS informational social influence?

Norm=fulfil others expectations/Informational=conformity under acceptance of evidence about reality which has been provided by others

What kind of factors are situational?

Group size/group unanimity/expertise and status

In order to influence the majority, the minority needs to have a..

Consistent and unanimous response

What is psychological reactance?

Motivational state that resists social influence

What is prosocial behaviour?

Behaviour that has positive social consequences and contributes to the physical or psychological well-being of another person. Voluntary and has the intention of helping others 

What is helping behaviour?

Intentional and benefits another living being in the group

What is altruism?

Act that benefits another rather than oneself

What six factors are people prosocial because of?

Personal/situational/evolutionary/social and biological/cognitive/consequences of receiving help

What is the diffusion of responsibility?

Someone else will help

What is audience inhibition?

Don’t want to look stupid in front of others

What is self attribution?

Act in a way that aligns with self concept

What is the scrooge effect?

Morality salience increases prosocial behaviour

What is an example of bystander effect?

Kitty Genovese

Mutualism

Benefiting from interactions

What is reciprocal altruism?

Help someone for something in return

What are some direct ways of socially influencing others?

Instructions/reinforcement/conditioning

What are some indirect ways of socially influencing others?

Modelling/vicarious learning

What is a bio-social account of attitude change?

Misattribution of state

What is the bystander calculus model?

Number of bystanders present that will encourage other to help

What are two evolutionary accounts of prosocial behaviour?

Survival of kin/reciprocal altruism

What are 4 social accounts for prosocial behaviour?

Told to do so/rewarding/social norms/own egos

What is Latané and Darley’s cognitive model of prosodical behaviour?

Attend/interpret/assume responsibility/decide

Why are people aggressive?

Personal/situation/evolutionary/social and biosocial/cognitive

What personal factors explain why people are aggressive?

Hormones/personality/gender/alcohol

What situational factors make people aggressive?

Physical environment/cultural norms

What role does crowd bating play in aggression?

Situational/deindividuation/dehumanisation

What evolutionary explanations of aggressions are there?

Psychodynamic theory/ethology/evolutionary social psych

What is the bio-social explanation for aggression?

Arousal + context

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

Frustrating event leads to aggression

What is the catharsis hypothesis?

Way to let of steam or release frustration

What is the excitation transfer model?

Learnt aggressive behaviour+arousal+individuals interpretation of arousal state

What is the general aggression model?

Model that considers the social, cognitive, personality, developmental and biological factors

What is the I3 model of aggression?

Affective, behavioural and cognitive

Values come from…

Genes/family/childhood/culture

What is the bleed over effect?

Adjacent values in the value circle

What is the seesaw effect?

Opposite value is negatively effected

What is hypothesis deprivation?

research method that involves temporarily removing or altering a variable in order to test its effect on the outcome of an experiment or study.

What is SVS self report methods?

List of values/rate how important on scale of 1-7

What is a PVQ report method?

Describe a person and ppt identifies which description they align with most on scale of 1-6

Parent who value what trait are most successful at transmitting their values to their children?

Self-transcendence

Values represent what…?

Broad life goals

Values are organised in a circle of….

Motivational conflicts and compatibilities

What are examples of objective cultural variables?

Buildings, music, language…

What are examples of subjective cultural variables?

Norms/values…

When was the birth of anthropology?

End of 19th century