Skeletal system

Flexion

Moving angle between two body parts getting smaller, bending elbow

Axial skeleton

Forms long axis of the body, which includes bones of the skull, spine and ribcage

Appendicular skeleton

Format the bones of upper and lower limbs and the girdles that join the axial skeleton

Extension

Increasing angle between two body parts, straightening elbow

Abduction

Moving away from middle line of the body, lifting arm up

Adduction

Moving body part closer to midline of body, moving leg in

Internal rotation

Moving body parts towards middle, tucking thigh inwards when skiing

External rotation

Moving body part outwards from midline of body, like stopping football

Horizontal abduction

Moving body part away from horizontal plane eg breast stroke

Horizontal adduction

Moving body part towards horizontal plane eg catching a ball

Pronation

Palm faces down if arms extended , Remamber PP( Palm and Pro) ike typing on keyboard

Supination

Is like holding bowl of soup

Positive effects of exercise on skeletal system

• Increase bone density

• Increase strength of ligaments

• Increased body density

• Decreased chance of osteoporosis

Negative effects of exercise on skeletal system

• can cause stress and fracture to bones

• Can overwork nd make bones fragile

• Too heavy can cause lower back pain

• Can have poor joint ligaments

Good short term effects of exercise on skeletal system

• Increased synovial fluid

• Temporary bone strength

• Improved blood flow

Bad short term effects of exercise on skeletal system

• risk of injury

• Joint stress

• Temporary bone weakening

Good long term effects of exercise on skeletal system

• increased bone density

• Stronger ligaments and tendons

• Reduced risk of bone diseases

• Improved posture and alignments

Bad short term effects of exercise on skeletal system

• overuse injuries

• Increased risk of arthritis

• Bone deformities

Long bones function and eg

Long bones act as a lever for movement e.g. femur

Short bones function and eg

Short bones provide stability and movement e.g. carpals

Flat bones function and eg

Flat bones protect internal organs e.g. ribs

Irregular bones function and eg

Irregular bones have complex shape and diverse functions. E.g.g vertebrae

Fibrous joints

Joint by dense fibrous connective tissue. They don’t move, their function is to protect vital organs

Cartilaginous joints function and sport e.g

Function is to have enough movement and stability, and they are shock absorbers. Eg in football is a joint helps stabilize pelvis during sprinting

Synovial joint and structure and

MOST COMMON! Allows smooth movement in many directions, and flexibility.

Different types of synovial joints (THERES 6) and examples

1. Ball and Socket (e.g., shoulder, hip)
   

   • Movement: Multi-directional, rotation

   • Sport Example:
     

     • Swimming (shoulder)

     • Football/soccer (hip rotation while kicking)

2. Hinge (e.g., elbow, knee)
   

   • Movement: Flexion and extension

   • Sport Example:
     

     • Basketball (elbow during shooting)

     • Running (knee movement)

3. Pivot (e.g., neck – atlas and axis)
   

   • Movement: Rotation

   • Sport Example:
     

     • Wrestling or boxing (turning the head quickly)

4. Saddle (e.g., thumb joint)
   

   • Movement: Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction

   • Sport Example:
     

     • Rock climbing or tennis (gripping)

5. Plane (gliding) (e.g., between small bones in the wrist and foot)
   

   • Movement: Sliding or gliding

   • Sport Example:
     

     • Gymnastics (wrist movement)

     • Skateboarding (ankle adjustments)

6. Condyloid (e.g., wrist joint)
   

   • Movement: Flexion, extension, side to side

   • Sport Example:
     

     • Badminton or table tennis (wrist action)

Two functions in joints and definitions of functions

Stability and mobility.

Stability allows mobility, which is movements like throwing and running. And stability keeps joints stable and aligned.

Functions of the vertebral column

Support head and upper body

Protect spinal cord

Allow movement

Shock absorptions

Maintain posture

5 different sections fo the vertebral column

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

Number and functionof vertebrae in each section

Cervical,

7= support head, allows neck movement

thoracic,

12= connect to ribs, protect chest

lumbar,

5= bears body weight

sacrum,

5= connects spine to pelvis

coccyx

4= support