Mao Zedong in China

origin and rise

what was the political state of China in the early 20th century?

China suffered from a luck of unity and was politically unstable. high taxes, and inflation, corrupt officials, and resentment towards foreign influence. The political state was characterized by warlordism, regional divisions.

who dominated China in the early 20th century?

foreign powers had land, rights and privileges.

When was the Republic of China established?

January of 1912

What period followed the establishment of the Republic in 1912?

The Warlord Era, marked by fragmentation and conflict among rival military leaders. from 1916 to 1928.

what caused resentment against foreigners in China?

humiliation by foreigners following miliary defeat and foreign domination.

what were some examples of foreign humiliation mentioned?

defeats in the opium wars of 1839-42 and 1956-60 and defeat by the Japanese in 1894-95.

how did foreigners exploit China?

by seeking profits, dividing the country into spheres of influence and dominating industry and trade and establishing settlements. (living under their own law.

What was the social structure like in the early 20th century China regarding land ownership?

Land ownership was predominantly concentrated in the hands of a wealthy elite, while the majority of the population were poor peasants who had little or no land.

what was the status of trade as a profession?

Trade was often viewed with disdain, as it was associated with lower social status compared to farming.

describe the living conditions of poor peasants and townspeople.

poor peasants and twonspeople faced heavy government taxes, were under pressure from inflation, majority had barely enough to eat.

who founded the first anti-imperial organization in 1894?

Sun Yat-sen

what was Sun Yat Sen’s religion background?

Sun Yat-sen was raised in a Christian family and was influenced by both Western and Eastern philosophies throughout his life.

what was Sun Yat Sen’s educational background?

Sun Yat-sen received his education in both China and the United States, studying subjects such as medicine and engineering. His studies and exposure to Western ideas significantly influenced his political ideology.

for what did Sun Yat Sen campaign?

He campaigned for the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of a republican government in China.

when did Sun Yat Sen lead a revolutionary uprising?

Sun Yat-sen led a revolutionary uprising on October 10, 1911, which marked the beginning of the Wuchang Uprising and ultimately contributed to the fall of the Qing Dynasty.

When did SUn Yat Sen become president of the new Chinese republic?

Sun Yat Sen became president of the new Chinese republic on January 1, 1912, following the successful overthrow of the Qing Dynasty.

why did Sun Yat Sen resign from the presidency in 1912?

He resigned to facilitate the election of a more powerful leader and to maintain unity among revolutionary factions.

Who succeeded Sun Yat Sen as the leader of the GMD?

Chiang Kai-shek, who became the leader of the Kuomintang (GMD) after Sun Yat-sen's death in 1925.

when did the GMD capture Nanjing and establish it as their capital?

October of 1928

Who was the GMD president after establishing the capital in Nanjing?

Chiang Kai-shek, who served as the leader of the GMD and established Nanjing as the capital after the Northern Expedition.

When was Chinese Communist Party established?

The Chinese Communist Party was established in July 1921 during a meeting in Shanghai.

Who was one of the 12 delegates at the 1st National congress of the CCP?

Moa Zedong

When dd the CCP cooperate with GMD to form a United Front?

The CCP cooperated with the GMD to form a United Front in 1924 to combat warlordism and promote national unification.

What was the goal of the first United Front between GMD and CCP?

To end warlord rule and unify China.

When did the GMD break its alliance with the communists party?

April 1927

Where were the Communist forced to set up base areas initially?

In rural areas of China at Jiangxi

what was the area around Jiangxxi and Ruijin known as after 1931?

Jiangxi Soviet Republic

• a revolutionary base that became a stronghold for the CCP during the Chinese Civil War.

What was the approximate population of the Chinese Soviet republic in Jiangxi?

The Chinese Soviet Republic in Jiangxi had an approximate population of around three to five million people during its existence.

What role did Mao Zedong hold in the CCP when based in Jiangxi?

CCP party secretary and was established as head of the Chinese Soviet Republic.

What policy did Mao order in Jiangxi regarding land?

Land redistribution

what military actions by the GMD prompted the Long March?

surrounding the communist stronghold as a attempt to starve them into surrender

How did the CCP win over peasants after the Long March?

by land redistribution and rent control

What were some improvements made in the Yanan Soviet?

improvements made in the Yanan soviet included in literacy and standards, cut corruption, and the creation of homes, school, hospitals and factories.

What were revolutionary committee’?

Revolutionary committees were local governing bodies (peasants and other participated) formed by the Communist Party in China during the Cultural Revolution to facilitate governance and mobilize the masses.

What did Mao’s leadership build during the Yanan period?

Helped build support and increase the numbers of military recurits.

What effect did popular support and organization have on the Red Army in Yanan?

It significantly strengthened the Red Army's effectiveness, boosted recruitment, and enhanced morale among troops.

What were rectification compaign according to the sources?

Rectification campaigns were a series of campaigns in 1942 that removed any suspected disloyalty by forcing people to confess to “crimes” against Mao beliefs, sometimes resulting in public whipping or assassination.

when did Mao order rectification conpaigns?

1942 to 1944, aimed at consolidating power

who was dissent treated during the Yanan period?

Dissent was treated harshly, often resulting in severe punishment or persecution as Mao sought to consolidate power and eliminate opposition. suspected disloyalty could lead to false confessions, public whipping, or assassination.

By what year had Mao Zedong emerged as the unchallenged leader of the CCP?

Unchallenged leader of CCP by 1945

What key factors helped Mao achieve leadership of the CCP?

establishing base areas like Jiangxi, and yanan, implementing land reforms and promoting peasant support. building popular support that caused an increase in army, writing political and religious philosophical works, and conducting rectification.

when did Japan begin its invasion of Manchuria?

September of 1931

When didd Japan begin a full-scale invasion of China?

July 1937

When did the GMD and CCP form a United Front against Japan?

In 1937, the GMD and CCP formed a United Front to resist the Japanese invasion of China, seeking to promote national unity during a time of crisis.

What happened to the United Front after Japan’s defeat?

the gradually broke up in January of 1941.

When did Japan surrender in the second World War?

Japan formally surrendered on September 2, 1945, marking the end of World War II.

Where was Japan defeated in the second World War?

Japan was defeated in several key battles, most notably at the Battle of Midway and the Battle of Iwo Jima, leading to its eventual surrender.

When did the civil war break out between the GMD and CCP?

The civil war between the GMD (Nationalist Party) and CCP (Communist Party) broke out in 1946, following the end of World War II, escalating tensions that had been building for years.

What specific event triggered the civil war outbreak in 1946?

The civil war outbreak in 1946 was triggered by the failed negotiations between the GMD and CCP over power-sharing and territorial control after World War II.

how Large was the GMD army at the start of the Civil War?

2,800,000

How large was the CCP army at the start of the Civil War?

800,000

Describe the training ad equipment of the GMD troops according to the source.

They were experienced in conventional fighting and able to take the initiative early; however, they were largely conscripted, had low morale, and received military assistance from the USA.

describe the training and equipment of the CCP troops according to the source.

initially, the CCP/PLA troops were inferior in equipment and numbers and poorly equipped with no aircraft. However, they were highly motivated, had strong guerrilla tactics, and effective political indoctrination. Received training from the Soviet Union in Manchuria

What type of fighting were GMD troops experienced in?

Conventional fighting tactics

What type of warefare did the CCP/PLA initially use?

Guerrilla warfare tactics

whey territory did the GMD control initially?

The GMD initially controlled the majority of China's urban areas and key cities, including areas in the northeast and southeast.

what territory did the CCP control by 1949?

most of south and west, entire area of the north including Beijing

which foreign power recognized the GMD as the legitimate government and provided aid?

The United States recognized the GMD as the legitimate government of China and provided military and financial aid during the Chinese Civil War.

which foreign power provided training and equipment to the PLA in Manchuria?

The Soviet Union provided training and equipment to the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in Manchuria after World War II.

What was the primary basis of the CCP’s popular support?

The primary basis of the CCP's popular support was their promises of land reform, social justice, and improvements in the lives of peasants and workers, which resonated with the majority of the rural population in China.

What was the GMD’s reputation among the population, according to the source?

Who was the leader of the GMD during the Civil War?

Who was the leader of the CCP during the Civil War?