British health and the people

805

• the first Islamic hospital set up 

1100

every large town in the islamic world had a hospital

1283

The Cairo hospital has specialist wards for mental and physical problems, a surgery and pharmacy

1300

there were less than 100 physicians in England

1309

 A 40p fine was put in place for people that did not keep the street clean outside their house

1347

Black death

1349

• Edward III ordered the streets to be cleaned because the fifth from the streets was infecting the air

1400

There were 500 hospitals in england

1436

Johannes Gutenburg developed the printing press

1500

Printing presses were common across europe

1530

The reformation led to the dissolution of monasteries

1537

Pare became a battlefield surgeon

1540

 A charter for the company of barber surgeons in \london was issued by Henry VIII

1543

Versailles publishes his book ‘Fabric of the Human body’

1547

St Mary Bethlehem continued its medieval role as a hospital for the mentally ill after it was granted a royal charter

1566

 A visitor to King Charles of France gave the King a bezoar stone, saying it would cure all potions

1600

• Dutchmann Janseen was the first record of a microscope being made - microscopes were formed a foundation for technology 

1628

Harvey publishes his book ‘ An anatomical Account of the motion of the Heart and blood

1645

Royal society is established ( however it is not called that until Charles II joins )

1662

• Charles II , starts attending Royal Society meetings

1665

Hooke published Micrographia

1678

• The university of Padua are teaching Harvey’s theory

1685

• Charles II suffered a seizure. As part of his treatment his physicians bled him twice. The monarch never woke from this treatment.

1700

• John Hunter set up his own anatomy school and surgery practice. He trained hundreds of surgeons, and encouraged a scientific approach and experimentation. 

• Hunter wrote books on his discoveries, and covered a wide range of topics including dentistry, venereal disease and how to treat gunshot wounds. 

1724

• Guys hospital founded. Thomas Guy, a London printer, donated money to enable the opening of new voluntary hospitals to treat the growing population

1741

Thomas Coram, a retired sea captain, opened a Foundling hospital for abandoned children.

1746

London's Lock Hospital for venereal (sexually transmitted) diseases was opened.

1790’s

• jenner decided to carry out experiments after observing some milk maids to see if he could prevent smallpox

1797

jeneer submitted a Paper to the royal society but was told he needed more proof

1798

(An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Varioae Vaccine) by Edward jenner was published it also detailed his findings

1800

•  Hospitals now cared for the sick more than elderly, training had improved, individual wards opened

1840

Vaccination was made free to all infants

1853

 It was made compulsory, but not strictly enforced

1866

 Anti- vacc agency was set up

1799

• Sir Humphry Davy discovered laughing gas could reduce the sensation of pain 

1825 - 1830

•  Blundell  performs 10 transfusions, five of which prove beneficial to his patients, and publishes these results. 

1828

•  Bransby Blake Cooper was given the surgeon's job at Guy’s Hospital, he performed an operation that should have taken 6 minutes. It took him an hour and the patient died. 

1846

• William Morton performed the first painless operation using ether. Ether was a mix of alcohol and sulphuric acid 

1847

•  Simpson (a surgeon) was sniffing different chemicals and discovered chloroform could be used as an anaesthetic. Chloroform was found 15 years earlier by Samuel Gaffery and was a mix whisky chlorinated lime but he used the substance as a drug, but chloroform could kill so John snow invented a chloroform inhaler

1848

• The National Board of health was set up (abolished 6 years later)

• Local councils were encouraged to make public health improvements. This could be enforced by the national government in towns were the death rate was very high

• As the law was not compulsory only 103 towns set up local boards of health 

1854

•  Florence Nightingale was asked by the British government to care for the British soldiers fighting in the Crimean War.

1854

• when war broke out in the Crimean, Mary travelled to England to volunteer her services to Florence Nightingale but was turned down because of her skin colour

1854

• After 500 people died of cholera in Soho, London (3rd Cholera epidemic in 25 years) Snow decided to map out all the deaths in the affected area. 

1858

General medical council established

1860

There are 66 specialist hospitals in London

1860

• Semmeliwies publishes a book but it is not accepted because it contained the public shaming of other doctors

1860’s

• Bazelgtte wanted to build a new sewer system to carry the smell that ‘cause’ the disease out of London. He was finally given funding by the government after the great stink of 1858 brought a horrific smell to London. 

1865

•  The 83 mile long sewer system was opening with 110 smaller connecting sewers to the streets. 

1861

• Louis Pasteur’s Germ Theory of Disease

1863

•  Notes on Hospitals  - florence Nightingale

1865

Lister observes the use of carbolic acid on sewage

1865

• Lister starts to experiment with carbolic acid in surgery 

1867

Joseph Lister publishes his results on  carbolic spray

1869

• Sopia jex Blake - applied to study medicine at Edinburgh university, but was rejected as the university said it could not make an exception for only one female. Blake advertised in the local newspaper for more women to apply and eventually the ungserit gave in when they had a total of 7 female applicants

1871

• The Government decreed parents could be fined for not having their children vaccinated

1875

All surgical equipment is sterilised

1875

• Forced local councils to make compulsory changes

1878

• Koch discovered germs were spread by contact with infected surfaces → led to attempting to have a germ-free environment. 

1880

•  A law was introduced controlling the use of harmful ingredients in medicine.

1895

•  German scientist Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays could pass through flesh but not bone.

1889

 Introduction of rubber gloves into surgery

1899

Aspirin became a common painkiller

1899

163/1000 babies died before their first birthday

1901

Karl Landsteiner discovered blood groups

1906

Free school meals act

1908

Old age pensions act

1909

Salvarsan 606 happened

1911

1911 - 1912

 National Insurance act

1915

Infant deaths 100/1000

1917

The Queen’s hospital for plastic surgery developed

1922

Insulin was developed from the pancreas of animals

1929

 Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming

1934

 National Insurance act extended

1935

• Prontisol was tested on Domagk’s daughter

1936

Diabetes was split into two types

1940

• US government established a national blood collection program.

1940

• The process of breaking down plasma into components and products was developed.

• During WW2 the red cross collected 13 million pints of blood

1941

• Florey and Chain tested penicillin on Albert Alexander a policeman

1941

• Japanese Attacked the USA at Pearl Harbour and they made interest free loans to US companies to buy the expensive equipment needed for making penicillin

1944

• On D - day there was enough penicillin to treat all the wounded allied soldiers - 2.3 million doses

1944

• dried plasma became a vital element of blood transfusions.

1948

nhs established

1950

•  The heart - lung machine developed

1950

 Infant deaths 29/1000

1951

• NHS encountered financial strain

1953

• Thalidomide was introduced as a safe sleeping tablet

• 1953 - James Watson and Francis Crick, using X-ray diffraction images taken by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, propose the double-helix structure of DNA

1960

first heart transplant

1961

• Thalidomide banned but by then around 10,000 children affected

1970’s

• Chemotherapy used to treat lung cancer

1978

•  Insulin developed from humans

1980

small pox eradicated

1981

• AIDS first identified in the USA

1990

•  Development of 3D Conformal Radiotherapy. 3D-CRT uses 3D imaging to shape the radiation beams to match the contours of the tumour.

1990

Treatments like HAART were introduced for AIDS

1990 - 2003

The Human Genome Project, an international effort, begins in 1990 and is completed in 2003, mapping all the genes in the human genome and significantly advancing genetic research and medicine.

1999

Infant deaths were now 7.1 /1000

2004 - 2006

 CMGs for continual monitoring of blood glucose were developed. These have been continuously improved on in the last 20 years 

2006

•  Smoking in public places banned