NUR 209 REVIEW SHEET EXAM 1

Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO)

Bacteria that have become resistant to certain antibiotics

Chain of infection

The six links that contribute to the spread of infection

Agents that can cause infections

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, helminths, prions, protozoa

Healthcare-associated infections (HAI)

Infections acquired in healthcare settings

Nosocomial infections

Another term for healthcare-associated infections (HAI)

Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI)

An infection that occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream through a central line

Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI)

Infections that occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract through a catheter

Surgical Site Infection (SSI)

An infection that occurs at the site of a surgical incision

Ventilator-associated Pneumonia (VAP)

An infection that occurs in patients on ventilators

Asepsis

The prevention of the transmission of disease-causing organisms

Medical asepsis

Aims to control the number of microorganisms and is used for all clinical patient care activities

Surgical asepsis

Aims to remove all microorganisms and is used for all surgical/sterile procedures

Sterile technique

Used when entering a body cavity with an object

Aseptic technique

Includes handwashing, cleaning, disinfecting, and sterilization

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Equipment used to prevent the transfer of pathogens

Standard precautions

Precautions taken for all patients to protect against blood and bodily fluid transmissions

Transmission based precautions

Precautions taken to protect against the spread of highly transmissible pathogens

Airborne precautions

Precautions used to protect against pathogens transmitted by small particle droplets

Droplet precautions

Precautions used to protect against pathogens transmitted by large particle droplets

Contact precautions

Precautions used to protect against pathogens transmitted by direct contact

Surgical asepsis

The prevention of the introduction of microorganisms from the environment to the patient during surgical procedures

Nurse-patient relationship

The cornerstone of all nursing practice, built on interpersonal communication

Advocacy

Supporting the patient's right to information and involvement in their own care

Circle of confidentiality

Ensuring patient privacy while sharing relevant information with the healthcare team

Therapeutic communication

Communication techniques that focus on the patient's concerns and facilitate understanding

Open-ended questions

Questions that cannot be answered with a simple 'yes' or 'no'

Active listening

Fully engaging in the conversation and showing understanding

Restatement and reflection

Repeating and summarizing the patient's statements to show understanding

Exploring

Delving deeper into the patient's thoughts and feelings

Focusing

Directing the conversation to a specific topic or issue

Encouraging elaboration

Prompting the patient to provide more details

Seeking clarification

Asking for further explanation or understanding

Using silence

Allowing the patient time to gather their thoughts or process information

Summarizing

Recapping the main points of the conversation

Personal hygiene

The ability to perform self-care activities such as bathing, grooming, and toileting

Routine self-care

The ability to perform normal grooming functions and activities of daily living

Bathing and hygiene

Regular cleaning of the body to remove excess oil, perspiration, and bacteria

Feet and nail care

Regular care and cleaning of the feet and nails

Hair care

Regular care and cleaning of the hair

Oral care

Regular care and cleaning of the mouth and teeth

Eyes, ears, and nose care

Regular care and cleaning of the eyes, ears, and nose

Toileting

Assisting the patient with using the toilet and maintaining cleanliness

Dressing and grooming

Assisting the patient with dressing and maintaining personal appearance

Factors that affect self-care

Environmental, motivation, mental health, cognitive abilities, energy, acute illness, pain, neuromuscular function, sensory deficits

Toileting

Assisting the patient with using the toilet and maintaining cleanliness

Perineal care

Cleaning the perineal area to maintain hygiene

Hair care

Cleaning and caring for the hair

Shaving

Removing hair from the body using a razor or other shaving tool

Feeding

Assisting the patient with eating and drinking

Toileting

Assisting the patient with using the toilet and maintaining cleanliness

Standard precautions

Precautions taken for all patients to protect against blood and bodily fluid transmissions

Transmission based precautions

Precautions taken to protect against the spread of highly transmissible pathogens

Airborne precautions

Precautions used to protect against pathogens transmitted by small particle droplets

Droplet precautions

Precautions used to protect against pathogens transmitted by large particle droplets

Contact precautions

Precautions used to protect against pathogens transmitted by direct contact

Surgical asepsis

The prevention of the introduction of microorganisms from the environment to the patient during surgical procedures

Thermoregulatory center

The anterior hypothalamus, which regulates body temperature

Pulse

The number of pulsations per minute

Bradycardia

A heart rate less than 60 bpm

Tachycardia

A fast heart rate

Blood pressure

The force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels

Systolic pressure

The top number in a blood pressure reading, representing the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats

Diastolic pressure

The bottom number in a blood pressure reading, representing the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest

Respiration

The act of breathing

Tachypnea

Fast respirations

Bradypnea

Slow respirations

Apnea

Temporary cessation of breathing

Dyspnea

Irregular or difficult breathing

Eupnea

Normal breathing

Range of Motion (ROM)

The ability to move joints through their full intended range of function

Gait

The manner or style of walking

Muscle Atrophy

The wasting away or loss of muscle tissue

Contractures

Permanent shortening of a muscle or joint

Increased cardiac workload

The heart has to work harder to pump blood due to decreased mobility

Orthostatic Hypotension

A decrease in blood pressure when changing from a supine to an upright position

Thrombus Formation

The formation of a blood clot

Decreased Lung Expansion

The lungs do not fully expand, leading to decreased oxygenation

Decreased Metabolic Rate

The body's metabolism slows down due to decreased activity

Negative Nitrogen Balance

The body loses more nitrogen than it takes in

Anorexia

Loss of appetite

Disuse Osteoporosis

Bone loss due to lack of weight-bearing exercise

Impaired immunity

The immune system is weakened, leading to increased susceptibility to infection

Pressure Injury

A localized damage to the skin and/or underlying tissue

Urinary Stasis

The slowing or stopping of urine flow

UTI

Urinary tract infection

Renal Calculi

Kidney stones

Constipation

Difficulty in passing stools

Sleep and Rest

Disrupted sleep patterns and decreased quality of rest

Cognition and Pain

Impaired cognitive function and increased pain perception

Self perception/Concept

Negative impact on self-image and self-esteem

Sexuality

Decreased sexual activity and satisfaction

the large side of the stethoscope is called ___

diaphragm

the small side of the stethoscope is called ___

Bell

stethoscope diaphragm listens to what sounds?

higher pitch sounds

stethoscope bell listens to what sounds?

lower pitch sounds

Vital signs include

temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure

What are the 5 temperature sites?

oral, axillary, rectal, temporal, tempatic

6 parts of the chain of infection

infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host

critical elements of the nursing process are

gather information, perform hand hygiene, introduce & and identify, explain the procedure, provide privacy, document

normal systolic blood pressure

120 mmHg