oops

Near v. Minnesota (1931)

Held that the guarantee of a free press does not allow a prior restraint on publication, except in extreme cases, such as during wartime

\

Reynolds v. United States (1879)

Banned Polygamy. Distinguished between religious beliefs that are protected by the free exercise clause and religious practices that may be restricted. Ruled that religious practices cannot make an act legal that would otherwise be illegal.

\

*Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

The Court ruled that Wisconsin could not require Amish parents to send their children to public school beyond the eighth grade because it would violate long-held religious beliefs.

*Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)

Court held that the free speech clause of the First Amendment prohibits the government from restricting independent expenditures for political campaigns by corporations, including nonprofit corporations, labor unions, and other associations.

*Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Korematsu v. US (1944)

Upheld as constitutional the internment of Americans with Japanese descent during WWII.

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)

Supreme Court case which held that a university's admissions criteria which used race as a definite and exclusive basis for an admission decision violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Struck down state bans on same-sex marriage. The 14th Amendment requires States to license a marriage between two people of the same sex. States must recognize a marriage between two people of the same sex when their marriage was lawfully licensed and performed out-of-State.

*Shaw v. Reno (1993)

NO racial gerrymandering; race cannot be the sole or predominant factor in redrawing legislative boundaries; majority-minority districts.

*Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established the principle of judicial review, an important addition to the system of "checks and balances" created to prevent any one branch of the Federal Government from becoming too powerful.

*U.S. v. Lopez (1995)

Supreme Court declared Gun Free School Zones Act exceeded Congress's Interstate Commerce Clause power and was therefore unconstitutional; limited the extent of what Congress could make laws about under their Constitutional authority to "regulate Commerce between the States."

Mastered (17)

You've been getting these terms right!

Select these 17

Barron v. Baltimore (1833)

The Supreme Court ruled that the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment did not apply to the actions of states. This decision limited the Bill of Rights to the actions of Congress alone.

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Established process of selective incorporation; states cannot deny freedom of speech--protected through Due Process clause of Amendment 14

Powell v. Alabama (1932)

Court ruled that state governments must provide counsel ONLY in cases involving the death penalty to those who can't afford it

*Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a defendant in ANY state felony trial must be provided a lawyer free of charge if the defendant cannot afford one; incorporated Sixth Amendment to states.

District of Columbia v. Heller (2008)

Court held that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia, and to use that firearm for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home; only applied to federal territories.

*McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

The Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for self-defense is applicable to the states

*Schenck v. US (1919)

Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."

*New York Times v. United States (1971)

Government tried to use prior restraint to sensor publication of Pentagon Papers. Court held that executive efforts to prevent the publication violated the 1st Amendment reasoning that since publication would not cause an inevitable, direct, and immediate event imperiling the safety of American forces, prior restraint was unjustified.

Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)

The Court ruled in favor of school district censorship of student newspapers as long as censorship is related to legitimate concerns.

*Tinker v. Des Moines ISD (1969)

The armband in schools case; while public schools are allowed to limit some forms of student expression in an effort to maintain the "educational setting" of the school, students still maintain the right to freedom of expression when those forms of expression do not disrupt the educational environment. [symbolic speech]

Morse v. Frederick (2007)

Upholds the authority of public school administrators to suspend students for promoting illegal drugs at a school event (Bong Hits for Jesus)

*Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Struck down state-sponsored prayer in public schools. Ruled that the Regents' prayer was an unconstitutional violation of the Establishment Clause.

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives

*Roe v. Wade (1973)

The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.