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Social Scientists

Study human societies and behaviors.

Historians

Study past events using written records.

Geographers

Study the Earth’s surface and its impact on humans.

Topography

Physical land features.

Climate

Weather conditions.

Human Migrations

Movement of people.

Political Maps

Show countries, borders, capitals.

Physical Maps

Show land features like mountains, rivers.

Anthropologists

Study human cultures, both past and present.

Archaeologists

Study past cultures through physical remains (artifacts).

Primary Sources

Firsthand records of historical events (e.g., diaries, photos, artifacts).

Secondary Sources

Secondhand accounts (e.g., textbooks, encyclopedias, biographies).

Neolithic Age

Time period from 8000 to 3000 BC characterized by the discovery of agriculture.

The Neolithic Revolution

Major shift in human lifestyle and society, moving to settled farming.

Civilizations

Highly organized societies with government, social classes, and food surplus.

River Valleys

Ideal locations for early civilizations due to fertile land and water sources.

Caste System

Hierarchical social structure in Hindu society.

Silk Road

Trade route connecting China to the Mediterranean.

Monotheism

Belief in one God.

Ten Commandments

Moral codes of conduct in Judaism and Christianity.

Reincarnation

The rebirth of the soul into a new body in Hinduism.

Karma

The idea that actions influence future lives.

Nirvana

The end of the cycle of reincarnation in Buddhism.

Legalism

Philosophy in China emphasizing harsh punishments for order.

Direct Democracy

A system where citizens vote directly on laws and policies.

Code of Hammurabi

The first written law code known for its harsh punishments.

Twelve Tables

Set of laws for Roman society, publicly displayed.

Five Pillars of Islam

The basic acts of worship in Islam.

Confucianism

Focus on societal roles and respect in Chinese philosophy.

Daoism

Philosophy emphasizing harmony with nature and balance.

Buddhism

Religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama focusing on the end of suffering.

Polytheism

Belief in many gods, often seen in ancient civilizations.

Food Surplus

Excess food production that allows for population growth and job specialization.