Unit 1 Exam

What are the levels of organization in living systems starting from the simplest to the most complex?

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism.

What is homeostasis?

The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.

What are the three main components of homeostasis?

Receptor, Control Center, Effector.

What type of feedback mechanism reduces output or activity of a system?

Negative Feedback.

What is an ionic bond?

A bond formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?

Polar covalent bonds share electrons unevenly, while nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally.

What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

What is the function of enzymes in biological systems?

Enzymes act as catalysts to speed up the rate of chemical reactions.

What is a monosaccharide?

A simple sugar that consists of a single chain or ring structure, containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms.

What is the primary function of muscle tissue?

Responsible for movement.

What are the four types of tissue?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous.

What is the function of ribosomes?

They are involved in protein synthesis.

What defines the structure of a protein?

Its primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.

What occurs during dehydration synthesis?

Monomers are joined to form polymers through the removal of water molecules.

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

Sorting, modifying, and shipping off products from the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

What type of solution causes a cell to swell?

Hypotonic solution.

What is the function of an organelle?

To perform specialized functions within the cell.

What does the term 'metabolism' refer to?

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism to maintain life.

What is a peptide bond?

A type of covalent bond that forms between two amino acids.

What is mitosis?

A type of cell division that produces new somatic cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

What happens during transcription?

The genetic information in DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA).

What are goblet cells?

Unicellular exocrine glands that produce mucin, a protective mucous.

What characterizes connective tissue?

It binds and supports other tissues, protects, insulates, stores reserve fuel, and transports substances.

What structural features distinguish epithelial tissue?

Polarity, specialized contacts, a supported by connective tissue, and avascularity.

What is the function of the cardiac muscle?

To propel blood into circulation; it operates involuntarily.