Habitat Ecology Final

Europe

Pictoralization dates back to 18th century ______

power, private property, labor

3 things that landscape paintings were used to reinforce

social

nature is a _____ construct

practical or aesthetic

class

"nature" is inherently tied to _____ and access to nature

access, use

Valuing nature has become a way to control ______ to and ___ of land.

colonialism and violence

Conservation today stems from a legacy of _______ and __________

capitalism

National parks are "packaged by ________ for mass consumption"

1. natural
2. use & enjoyment

NPS Organic Act (1916):
Dual mandate to
1. Conserve _______ resources
2. Provide for their ____ & _________ by people

-removed
-Treaty

Yellowstone Model
- _______ native people from the park after claiming that no one lived there
- Fort Laramie _____ stated Yellowstone belonged to the Crow & Blackfoot tribes but they took over Yellowstone 20 years later anyway

Ahwahneechee

tribe that once lived in Yosemite

disease & killing

2 ways that native Americans were removed from Yosemite

complicit

Many "conservation heroes" were ______ in the removal of Native Americans

importers, exporters

"Nature ______" vs "nature ________" shows who gets to benefit and who is giving the nature to other people

humans, European imperialism

The Yellowstone model denies the role of _______ in shaping the landscape which leads to the validation of ___________ ________.

-removed
-natural

National parks in colonial Africa added to domination by Europeans.
- established parks on land where people were ______ by colonialism
- Europeans controlled ______ resources

Colonel Charles Young

Who was the 1st black NPS superintendent?

decline, bigger

Fire suppression from settler colonialism led to a _____ in native plants and ______ wildfires.

-acorns
-regeneration
-reducing

Cultural fires have many benefits including:
-reducing pests in _____
-stimulating _______ of native plants
-_______ invasive species

art, industrial capitalism

Ideals about a nature apart from humans was reflected in 18th century ___ that stemmed from ______ ___________.

land, private property

European colonialists denied ____ rights to indigenous peoples in the US and around the world, while at the same time securing their own right to ________ _________.

populations & habitats, natural resources

Colonists decimated _______ & ________, meanwhile demonizing indigenous peoples for using _________ __________.

Black, equal access

_____ Americans contributed to the early managment and development of national parks, but were often not given ____ ______ to these areas for recreation.

conservation

protection of natural resources and processes; may include use/extraction of natural resources; seeks to make resource use sustainable

preservation

limitation of human activities in natural areas; protection from human use; setting aside areas that are human-free

1. humans and/or wildlife
-NPS "dual mandate"
2. jurisdictions
-ESA

Goals of Conservation
1. Manage some unit of land for the benefit of _______ and/or wildlife
-ex: ___ "____ ______"
2. Conserve a specific species or group of species across _______
-ex: legislatively- ___

minimum viable population size

size required for a population to persist through random events

metapopulation

population of all connected patches

-distinct
-variations
-dispersal & interbreeding

Genetic conservation priorities
-Genetically ______ populations
-Historic patterns of _____
-Historic patterns of _________ & ___________

outbreeding depression

alleles brought in from outside populations that are suited to that environment

1. domestic
2. variation
3. political
4. indigenous
5. static

Assumptions of early population size estimates:
1. Based on "carrying capacity" of _________ animals
2. Ranges based on conjecture and didn't allow for ________ across range
3. Had ______ objectives
4. Ignored activities of _________ people
5. Assumed historical conditions were ______

subjective

Ecological baselines are __________.

shifting baselines

our own perception of what the landscape shoulf look like is inherently generational

novel ecosystem

new communities of plants and animals that have emerged as a result of human activities

colonialism

"wilderness cult" is an extension of ______

invasive
loss
services

Cons of embracing novel ecosystems
-may be dominated by ________ species
-inherently predicated on biodiversity ___
-little evidence that they provide the same _______

landscape
community
population
genetic

4 levels at which conservation objectives can be made

arbitrary or ethnocentric

Deciding what should be conserved or restored depends on defining an often ________ or ___________ ecological baseline which changes over time.

processes
land or biodiversity

Modern conservation will likely focus more on conserving ________ than simple ____ or __________ targets.

incentives/carrots

encourage actions by offering a reward

regulations/sticks

requiring actions by law, with punishment of penalty (not a law -- guidance for how to implement law)

conservation easement

landowner preserves land thru economic incentives
i.e. tax relief, sale of development rights

ESA & National Environmental Policy Act

2 federal regulatory conservation laws

CA ESA & CA Environmental Quality Act

2 state regulatory conservation laws

critical habitat
essential
federally

ESA allows USFWS to designate ______ _____ that is _____ to the conservation of _______ listed endangered species

unendangered

It's difficult to get an animal __________ once they're listed by the ESA

habitat

Almost every part of the ESA addresses the need to protect _______ in order to prevent extinction.

habitat conservation plans

Planning documents required as part of an application for an incidental take permit. They describe the anticipated effects of the proposed taking; how those impacts will be minimized, or mitigated; and how the HCP is to be funded.

safe harbor agreement

voluntary agreement involving private or other non-federal property owners whose actions contribute to the recovery of species listed as endangered or threatened under the ESA

candidate conservation agreement

providing non-federal landowners with additional incentives for engaging in voluntary proactive conservation through assurances that limit future conservation obligations
-no punishment for good deeds for species at risk of becoming endangered

occupied critical habitat

the specific areas within the geographical area occupied by the species, at the time it is listed

unoccupied critical habitat

specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species at the time it is listed, features still required for recovery of species

-federal
-species

ESA critical habitat
-________ actions only
- can be occupied or unoccupied by the ______

ownership
government
establish
private

Designation of ESA critical habitat does not:
- affect land _______
- allow the _______ to take or manage private property
- ______ a refuge, reserve, preserve, or other conservation area
- allow government or public access to ______ land

habitat

The case of Weyerhaeuser Co. vs. USFWS over the dusky gopher frog led to the Supreme Court deciding that you must figure out what ______ is before you can protect it.

ESA definition of habitat

the abiotic and biotic setting that currently or periodically contains the resources and conditions necessary to support one or more life processes of a species

1.designated
2. previously
3. climate change

Problems with the ESA definition of habitat
1. Some already _______ habitats wouldn't fit this definition
2. Doesn't include _________ occupied areas that may need some restoration
3. Doesn't account for habitat species may need due to ________ _______

alt definition of habitat from Defenders of Wildlife

area or type of site where a species naturally occurs or that it depends on directly or indirectly to carry out its life processes, or where a species formerly occurred or has the potential to occur and carry out its life processes in the foreseeable future

30 by 30 plan

plan to conserve 30% of land and marine area in the US by 2030

federal protection/restriction
easements & short-term incentives on private lands

2 ways to reach the 30 by 30 goal for land area

private lands

What kind of lands should be focused on to reach the 30 by 30 goal?

incentives or regulations

Conservation can be achieved on private alnds thru _________ or __________.

Conservation banks

____________ _____ combine incentives and regulatory approaches.

Non-profits

___-_________ are essential for both making conservation easement agreements and filing lawsuits to define environmental laws.

Easements

___________ may be an easier way to get to 30 by 30 laws.

working landscape

where humans work as part of the natural ecosystem

commodity & ecosystem service

Working landscapes combine ________ production with __________ _________ production.

ranches

example of private working landscapes

multi-use public lands (BLM land)

example of public working landscapes

-confined
-antipredator
-susceptible

Livestock may be worse at avoiding predation risk because they:
- are ______ to specific areas (can't avoid predators in space)
- have lost some of their evolved _______ behaviors
- have been selected for physical features that make them more _______ to predators

deterrent

auditory, olfactory, or visual cue to keep predators away

guarding

solution to carnivore-livestock conflict in which animals protect the livestock

biophysical landscape, livestock ecology, carnivore ecology

3 factors in carnivore-livestock conflict

ecology

Must understand the _______ of the system to effectively reduce carnivore-livestock conflict.

erosion, altered stream morphology, reduced vegetation, sedimentation, contamination in water sources

indirect impacts of livestock on wildlife from trampling & overgrazing

-connectivity
-home range
-predators
-mortality

Livestock fences & wildlife
-can reduce movement & ____________
-reduce _____ _______ size
-may be used by _______
-can be a source of __________

cheatgrass

Cattle increased the spread of ___________

-development & sprawl
-habitat, services

Importance of working lands for wildlife habitat
-Livestock production is often the last line of defense to prevent ____________ & ______
-Sustainably managed livestock operations can provide essential wildlife ________, connectivity, & ecosystem ______.

umbrella species

protecting habitat for one species can support conservation of many other species

sage grouse

example of umbrella species

habitat fragmentation

when a large expanse of habitat is transformed into smaller patches of smaller total area isolated from each other by a less-suitable matrix of habitats

humans

_________ have amplified fragmentation.

connectivity

a measure of the ability of organisms to move among separated patches of suitable habitat

dispersal

process of animals leaving the place where they are resident in order to establish a new place

matrix

land between suitable habitat patches

corridor

any space identifiable by species using it that facilitates the movement of animals or plants over time between patches of disjunct habitat

hard barriers or pinch points

small scale corridors are used for ____ ______ or _____ ________

proactive, preventtion

corridors at intermediate scales are often _______ and for the _______ of connectivity loss

collaborative, integrative, cores

Large scale corridors are ___________ landscape conservation plans that are ________ and link ______ across a species's range

Yellowstone to Yukon (Y2Y) initiative

interconnected system of wild lands and waters stretching from Yellowstone to Yukon harmonizing the needs of people with those of nature

Wildlife Corridors Conservation Act

act that states that federal agencies can designate National Wildlife Corridors and funds to manage them on federal lands

Recovering America's Wildlife Act

act that provides funding to state and Tribal groups to implement Wildlife Action Plans

mortality, viability, services

Connectivity projects can reduce animal ________, increase population ______, and provide ________ to people.

land use planning

process by which public agencies determine the intensity and geographical arrangements of various land uses in a community

physical
legal

Land use planning emerged from _______ organization of land uses and ______ rationale for imposing public limitations on private land.

perpetual growth model

model that says the US economic system is based on a capitalist model where land is treated as a commodity and which often favors short-term gains over long-term wellness and sustainability

general plan

a plan that a local entity develops to guide future development in a community

zoning

immediate restrictions and specific regulations that dictate rules about land and activities on land; used to implement general plan

sprawl

suburban or exurban development on newly urbanized land, oriented around car travel

smart growth

compact, diverse, and walkable neighborhoods which preserve open land and natural resources