NCE Types of Tests and Important People

Flashcards for NCE exam preparation covering types of tests, psychological concepts, and counseling theories.

TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)

Looks at the unconscious, similar to the Rorschach test.

Bender Gestalt II

Best used for ages 4+ to identify neurological conditions.

Interest Inventory

Career assessment tool based on Holland's RIASEC model to determine suitable career fields.

AARC

Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling.

GZTC (Guilford Zimmerman Temperament Survey)

Psychiatric assessment.

MMPI/MMPI-II (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

Self-report questionnaire with 500+ questions for ages 14-18 to assess psychological profile and personality traits; II assesses 18+.

MCAT, GRE, SAT, MAT

Types of standardized tests.

O*NET Ability Profiler

Assesses aptitudes for different occupations (Verbal Ability, Arithmetic Reasoning, Computation, etc.).

CPI

Used for career development; consists of 200-400+ true/false questions.

WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children)

IQ test used to assess individuals ages 6-16; detects ADHD and learning disabilities.

WAIS-IV (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV)

IQ test used for individuals ages 16-90; detects ADHD and learning disabilities.

WPPSI (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence)

IQ test used for preschool children to detect ADHD and learning disabilities.

Rorschach, MMPI/MMPI-II, TAT (Projective Tests)

Tests that aim to look at the unconscious.

Chi-square test

Used to see if observed frequencies in a sample match expected frequencies; analyzes gender, race, age.

r^2

Coefficient of determination; indicates the association of 2 variables and how a change in one relates to a change in another.

WPPSI-IV

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence; assesses IQ for preschoolers.

Donald Super

Life rainbow, 'self concept;' a popular career theorist.

Hawthorne effect

People perform better when they are watched or studied.

William Perry

Three-stage theory of intellectual development: dualism, relativism, and commitment to relativism.

Carkhuff

Developed 5-point empathy scale.

Karpman

Created drama triangle (persecutor, victim, and rescuer).

Shapiro

Developed EMDR used to treat PTSD.

D. Baumrind

Parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, and passive indulgent.

SEM

Standard error of measurement; tells how accurate and inaccurate a test result is.

Quasi-Experimental Design

Used to investigate cause/effect relationships when random assignment is difficult; compares in real-world settings.

Tierman

Americanized the Binet test to 'Stanford Binet' (revised IQ test).

t-tests

Used to compare means of 2 groups or within small populations under different conditions.

ANOVA

Used to compare means of 2+ groups to see if they're statistically significant.

Test significance

Greater than # 0.5-1.0.

ANOVA

on which test is this table for 'F' values?

ASGW

Created Best Practice Guidelines.

Factorial design

Includes 2 or more independent variables.

Degrees of Freedom (df)

n-1 or n1 + n2 - 2; indicates 'flexibility' in data when estimating a parameter; used in t-test (n-1).

Spearman Brown

Formula used to estimate the impact of lengthening or shortening a test on its reliability coefficient.

Reliability coefficient

Index of reliability; indicates the ratio between the true score variance and the total variance; 1.00 indicates perfect reliability.

Haley and Madanes

Created strategic family counseling, double bind communication.

Double bind communication

Paradoxical situation where someone receives two contradictory messages, creating confusion and frustration.

Gregory Bateson's Role

Can lead to schizophrenia; foundational concept in family therapy.

Gelatt Decision Model

Regards information as 'the fuel of the decision,' divided into predictive, value, and decision categories; deals with alternatives and outcomes.

Rosenthal Effect

Experimenter's beliefs about the individual cause the individual to fulfill the experimenter's expectations.

Family sculpting

Satir; psychodrama technique where family members are molded to represent family relationships.

Linda Gottfredson's developmental theory of career

Focuses on circumscription and compromise; people restrict choices and sacrifice the field of work before sex-type or prestige.

Standard Deviation (SD)

Measure of variability; indicates the average difference between the scores and their mean.

σ

Symbol for standard deviation.

Null Hypothesis (H0)

Assumes no effect or difference exists between variables; rejecting this is Type I error.

Significance level (alpha)

The probability of a Type I error; benchmark to determine if the null hypothesis will be rejected.

p-value

If p < 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected; accepting alternative hypothesis.

Alternative hypothesis

There is statistical significance, leading to rejection of null hypothesis.

Standard error of measurement formula

X (obtained score) = T (true score) + E (error); random error causes score fluctuation.

Intervening/mediating variable

An attribute that stands between the IV and DV and exercises an influence on the DV apart from the IV.

Bandura's social learning theory

Emphasizes learning through observation, vicarious learning, and modeling; person produces and is a product of conditioning.

Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID)

A general model that covers all forms of cultural identity and addresses how one relates to oneself, others of the same culture, etc.

Super's lifespan theory

Addresses that we play multiple roles in our lives that change over time: growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, and decline.

Ginzberg's career theory

Theory on career choice: fantasy, tentative, realistic.

Gottfriendson's circumscription theory

Career aspirations develop across: Orientation to size and power (ages 3-5), (2) Orientation to sex roles (ages 6-8), (3) Orientation to social valuation (ages 9-13), (4) Orientation to the unique, internal self (ages 14+)

Krumboltz learning theory

Four factors influencing career decision making: genetic endowment, environmental conditions, learning experiences, task approach skills.

John Dollard and Neal Miller

Dubbed frustration-aggression theory; child's attachment focuses on caretaker providing food over emotional bond.

Edwin Bordin

Emphasized unconscious processes in career choice; career choices solve unconscious conflicts.

Festinger

Cognitive dissonance theory.

Galton

Believed intelligence related to neural speed and sensory sensitivity; intelligent people have larger, more efficient brains; unitary.

Kohlberg

Moral development: preconventional, conventional, postconventional based on a story.

Tiedman & O'Hara

Two-part decision career making process: anticipation and implementation.

NCE/CPCE

Objective forced choice exams.

Azarin et al.

Behavioristic, 'job clubs'.

Hoppock

People choose occupations that best satisfy their needs; job satisfaction meets anticipated needs.

James Cattel

Focus on individual differences, quantitative methods, and psychological testing.

Oscar Buros (1938)

Creator, editor, and publisher of The Mental Measurements Yearbook (MMY) and Tests in Print (TIP).

Saviches

Narrative therapy.

Vygotsky's Theory

Zone of proximal development, social development theory.

Thorne (1976)

Psychodynamic integration theory; no single therapy encompasses all elements.

Bruce Tuckman

Forming, Storming, Norming, and Performing theory of team/group development.

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

Founder of classical conditioning; dogs.

Allport

Cardinal traits, central traits, secondary traits.

Binet

Invented the first practical intelligence test, the Binet-Simon Scale, to identify slow learners.

Weschler

Created widely-used individual intelligence tests for children and adults, with scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, memory, and speed.

Bowen

Intergenerational therapy.

Whittaker

Experiential symbolic therapy.

Minuchin

Mimesis; structural family therapy.

Mimesis

Imitation, making a representation or model.

Satir

Conjoint family therapy.

Wolpe

Systemic desensitization.

Papp

Greek chorus; one-way mirror therapy.

Milton Erickson (1901-1980)

Father of hypnosis.

Nagy

Family legacy/ledger.

Gottman

6 predictors of divorce.

Berne

Developed TA (Transactional Analysis); strengthens adult state through skillful questioning.

Ackerman

Developed psychodynamic family counseling.

Roe

Needs approach to career, environment and needs influence choice.

SCII

Strong interest inventory (Holland).

Bowlby

Tendency in humans to make affectional bonds from the needs for safety.

Rheuses monkeys

Harry Harlowe's experiment on monkeys who preferred cloth over wire.

Bandura

Observational learning, modeling, attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

Macoby & Jacklin

Men are better at math, gender differences, child rearing.

SDS

Code for 3 personality types.

Frank Parsons

Father of guidance; vocation; trait factor theory.

Hall

Low v high context communication.

Caplan

Consultation.

Shein

8 anchor theory of career.

Moreno

Psychodrama.

Watson

Little Albert experiment (unethical); fear behaviorist.