Higher Chemistry - Unit 2 - Nature's Chemistry

What are carbon - carbon single bonds described as?

saturated

What is the test for a saturated and unsaturated compound?

• Saturated compounds do not decolourise bromine solution \n • Unsaturated compounds decolourise bromine solution quickly.

What are the 3 alcohol classifications

primary, secondary or tertiary

What is a Primary Alcohol

1 carbon directly attached to \n the carbon with the –OH bond

What is a secondary alcohol

2 carbons directly attached to \n the carbon with the –OH bond

What is a tertiary alcohol?

3 carbons directly attached to \n the carbon with the –OH bond

What are alcohols with two hydroxyl groups called??

diols

What is an alcohol with 3 hydroxyl groups called?

triols

What is a carboxylic acid?

a molecule containing the carboxyl functional group

Metal oxide + carboxylic acid reacts to give ……

Metal hydroxide + carboxylic acid reacts to give……

salt + water

Metal carbonate + carboxylic acid reacts to give……..

salt + water + carbon dioxide

How to name salts?

First name of the salt, Second name of the acid

Sodium oxide + methanoic acid reacts to give…….

sodium methanoate + water

Calcium carbonate + propanoic acid reacts to give….

calcium propanoate + water + carbon dioxide

How is an ester identified?

from the ester link

What are esters useful for?

Flavourings, Fragrances and Non-polar industrial solvents. Also have a sweet/fruity smell

How are esters formed?

From the condensation reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid

What is formed if esters undergo hydrolysis?

an alcohol and a carboxylic acid

How is an ester broken down?

Ester ----Hydrolysis-----Alcohol + Carboxylic acid

What are edible fats and edible oils formed from??

Condensation reaction between carboxylic acids and glycerol

What does oxidation in carbons result in?

increase in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio

What does reduction in carbons result in?

a decrease in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio

Oxidation of a primary alcohol

Primary alcohol ----OXIDATION--- Aldehyde-----OXIDATION---- Carboxylic Acid

Oxidation of a Secondary Alcohol

Secondary Alcohol-----==OXIDATION==---Ketone

Oxidation in tertiary alcohols process

No oxidation.

What is oxidation in hot copper II oxide reaction?

black to brown

What is acidified dichromate solutions reaction when oxidised?

orange to green

What is benedict/Fehlings solutions reaction when oxidised?

blue to brick end

What is tollen reagents reaction

colourless to silver mirror

What two molecules contain the carbonyl functional group?

Aldehyde and Ketone

What is the aldehyde name ending and structure?

\-al

What is the ketone name ending and structure?

\-one

What gives food a rancid flavour

Oxygen from the air causes the oxidation of food giving edible oil foods a rancid flavour

what happens when fats and oils when oxidised?

they become rancid

How are soaps produced?

Alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils

what happens to soaps in 'hard' water?

form a scum

what's the difference between soaps and detergents?

detergents are synthetic products made from crude oil and soaps are made from natural fats

what happens when an enzymes is denatured

it permanently/irreversibly changes shape

what are the oxidising agents for alcohols?

acidified potassium dichromate (orange → green) , hot copper (II) oxide (black → brown)

What are antioxidants?

molecules that prevent unwanted oxidation

what are terpenes?

Unsaturated compounds formed by joining together isoprene

what is UV?

a high energy form of light, present in sunlight

what chemical reactions does UV light cause in skin?

production of vitamin D, sunburn, tanning and ageing of the skin