HOSA Pathophysiology :)

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Integumentary System

The system that includes the skin and accessory organs such as hair, nails, and associated glands.

Epidermis

The outer layer of skin that is responsible for the production of keratin and melanin.

Dermis

The middle layer of skin that contains connective tissue and sensory receptors, providing strength and elasticity.

Subcutaneous Layer

The innermost layer of skin, composed of adipose tissue, which provides insulation and cushioning.

Sebaceous Glands

Oil glands in the skin that secrete sebum to lubricate and moisturize the skin and hair.

Cyanosis

A bluish tint to the skin, indicating a deficiency of oxygen in circulating blood.

Jaundice

Yellow discoloration of skin and whites of the eyes due to impaired liver function.

Erythema

Abnormal redness of the skin caused by increased blood flow from dilated vessels.

Pruritus

Itching sensation on the skin that can indicate a variety of conditions.

Cutaneous Lesion

Any abnormal change in the structure of the skin, such as a wound or rash.

Dermatitis

Inflammation of the skin resulting in symptoms like itching, redness, and lesions.

Seborrheic Dermatitis

Inflammation of sebaceous glands causing red, greasy scales, often seen in infants.

Contact Dermatitis

A skin reaction caused by exposure to irritants or allergens, characterized by redness and itching.

Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)

A chronic inflammatory skin condition often associated with allergies, manifesting as itchy rashes.

Urticaria

Also known as hives; characterized by itchy welts (wheals) on the skin.

Psoriasis

A chronic skin condition characterized by red, flaky patches covered with silvery scales.

Rosacea

A chronic inflammatory disorder of the face, causing redness primarily in areas that blush.

Acne Vulgaris

An inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands causing pimples and pustules.

Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

A viral infection causing painful vesicles along nerve paths, caused by reactivation of the varicella virus.

Impetigo

A highly contagious bacterial skin infection marked by vesicles that rupture and form crusts.

Furuncles (Boils)

Pus-filled abscesses that involve hair follicles and surrounding tissue.

Cellulitis

A bacterial skin infection characterized by redness, swelling, and pain, often affecting the lower extremities.

Dermatophytosis (Tinea)

A fungal infection of the skin, classified by the body region it inhabits.

Decubitus Ulcers (Pressure Ulcers)

Localized areas of dead skin that result from prolonged pressure, often seen in immobilized patients.

Scabies

A parasitic infestation caused by the itch mite, leading to intense itching and a rash.

Pediculosis (Lice Infestation)

Infestation of the scalp, body, or pubic areas by lice, causing itching and discomfort.

Seborrheic Keratosis

Benign skin growths appearing as greasy, tan or brown papules on various body parts.

Keratoacanthoma

A benign epithelial growth that resembles squamous cell carcinoma but typically regresses on its own.

Actinic Keratosis

Premalignant lesions caused by sun exposure, appearing as rough, scaly patches on the skin.

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)

The most common skin cancer arising in the basal layer of the epidermis, rarely metastasizing.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

A common type of skin cancer arising from the squamous cells, associated with sun exposure.

Malignant Melanoma

The most serious form of skin cancer arising from melanocytes, often detected by changes in moles.

Alopecia

Loss or absence of hair, which can be temporary or permanent.

Folliculitis

An inflammatory reaction of hair follicles marked by pustular lesions.

Verrucae (Warts)

Elevated growths of skin caused by human papillomavirus, can appear on various body parts.

Paronychia

An infection of the skin around a nail, usually caused by bacteria or fungi.

Deformed Nails

Nails exhibiting unusual thickening, shape, or color, indicating underlying conditions.

Pathological Bone Fractures

bone breaks because of underlying disease that has weakened the bone

Stress Bone Fractures

bone placed under extreme or unusual forces, MVA, falls, sports injuries are examples

Open Fracture

broken bone end protrudes through skin

closed fracture

no penetration of skin

comminuted fracture

multiple bone fragments

linear fracture

along long axis of bone

oblique fracture

at an angle to long axis of bone

impacted fracture

fragments pushed into each other

spiral fracture

break forms twisted line, torque on bone, spiral fracture of tibia is a common ski injury

transverse fracture

across the long axis

greenstick fracture

partial break

transchondral fracture

through cartilage or growth plate

bone reduction

realign bone fragments to their normal anatomic position

callus formation

healing of fractures, takes from weeks up to 6 months, phagocytes remove cellular debris, osteoblasts synthesize collagen and matrix which mineralizes into a ____

remodeling

healing of fractures, takes several months, callus is replaced with trabeculae (spongy bone), spongy bone is replaced with compact bone

subluxation

partial loss of contact between articular surfaces

dislocation

complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

sprain

a partial tear of a ligament (at a joint), common in the wrist, elbow, ankle and knee

strain

a partial tear of a muscle or its tendon (which can also transverse a joint), sudden forced motion causing the muscle to become stretched beyond its normal capacity (local muscle damage)

avulsion

separation of a tendon or ligament from its bony attachment

tendinopathy

any disease of a tendon, slow to heal, normal organized collagen replaced with weaker, disorganized collagen

epicondylopathy

a type of tendinopathy, where it attaches to a bony epicondyle such as those on the humerus, radius, and ulna

bursitis

inflammation of the bursae, usually caused by repeated trauma such as forceful rubbing of the bursa

septic bursitis

caused by a wound infection

rhabdomyolysis

rapid breakdown of muscle due to severe muscle damage, muscle injury, electric shock, heat stroke, drugs (especially statins) malignant hyperthermia, release of intracellular contents,

malignant hyperthermia

genetic disease that causes a very rapid rise in body temperature in susceptible individuals exposed to certain anesthetics

myoglobinuria

dark urine, causes acute renal failure due to precipitated myoglobin obstructing the renal tubules

compartment syndrome

result of increased pressure with a muscle compartment, fibrous deep fascia surrounds muscle tissue and separates the muscles into compartments. Increased pressure in a compartment results in diminished capillary blood flow, tissue hypoxia, and necrosis

osteoporosis

a disease in which bone tissue is normally mineralized, but the density is decreased and the bone lacks structural integrity, usually asymptomatic until fractures occur

causes of osteoporosis

decreased levels of estrogen and testosterone, decreased activity level, inadequate levels of Vit D, Vit C or Mg++

Osteomalacia

inadequate or delayed mineralization of osteoid, deficiency of vitamin D lowers absorption of calcium from the intestines, osteoid is laid down, but calcification does not occur (soft bones)

s/s of osteomalacia

pain bone fractures, (esp. hip fracture), vertebral collapse, and bony malformations

rickets

osteomalacia in children

PDB (Paget's Disease of the Bone) or Osteitis Deformans

cause is unknown but it results in a state of increased metabolic activity (excessive bone remodeling). Manifested by disorganized, thickened but soft bones, most lften affext the axial skeleton, thickened bones can cause abnormal bone curvatures, brain and nerve compression, impaired motor function and deafness

osteomyelitis

bone infection, most often caused by a S. aureus infection, open wound is most common, but it can also be caused by a blood-borne infection.

s/s osteomyelitis

acute and chronic inflammation, fever, pain and necrotic bone

tx for osteomyelitis

antibiotics, debridement, surgery, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy

arthropathies

a group of diseases which destroy the joints, differentiated by the absence or presence of synovial membrane inflammation, the presence or absence of systemic s/s, the findings from synovial fluid analysis

osteoarthritis

degenerative joint disease, atypical inflammatory process, primary defect is loss of articular cartilage, leaving underlying bone unprotected, results in sclerosis of the underlying bone and formation of bone spurs

osteophytes

bone spurs

s/s osteoarthritis

pain, stiffness, enlargement, tenderness, limited range of motion and deformity

rheumatoid arthritis

chronic, systemic, inflammatory autoimmune disease, the prototypical inflammatory joint disease, affects more women than men

s/s rheumatoid arthritis

s/s similar to osteoarthritis, synovial fluid will be very different, presence of _____factors (RF tests), elevated ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate), joint fluid presents with inflammatory exudate, nodules (necrotic areas) on the bones

symmetric arthritis

morning joint stiffness lasting at least one hour, swelling of soft tissue around 3 or more joints, radiographic evidence of erosions in the joints of the hands

gout and gouty arthritis

abnormal metabolism of purine nucleotides (adenine, guanine( resulting in accumulation and elevation or uric acid in the blood and body fluids, which eventually precipitate and form crystal deposits, triggering the acute inflammatory response

hyperuricemia

elevation of uric acid in the blood

tophi (urate crystal granuloma)

subcutaneous nodules that form from uric acid deposition

secondary muscle dysfunction

muscular symptoms arising from a variety of causes, some unrelated to the muscle itself, i.e. contractures, stress-induced muscle tension, disuse atrophy

physiologic contractures

muscle fiber shortening without an action potential, ie malignant hyperthermia, caused by a failure of the calcium pump to replace calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

pathologic contractures

muscle fiber shortening caused by muscle spasm or weakness, i.e. muscle dystrophy, spinal cord injury, heel cord contractures

stress-induced muscle tension

neck stiffness, back pain, clenching teeth, hand grip and HA, caused by an increase activity of the RAS (reticular activating system), chronic anxiety

disuse atrophy

reduction in muscle and the normal size of muscle cells due to prolonged inactivity and muscle deconditioning

causes of disuse atrophy

bed rest, trauma, casting, nerve damage

tx of disuse atrophy

isometric movements and muscle-lengthening exercises

fibromyalgia

chronic, non-inflammatory musculoskeletal syndrome, diffuse, chronic pain, tender points are found in predictable patterns, etiology is unknown: suspects include viral illness, certain meds, physical or emotional trauma

s/s fibromyalgia

vague symptoms: pain, increased sensitivity to touch, fatigue and sleep disturbances. Often misdiagnosed as chronic fatigue syndrome

Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

brain is damaged by a sudden disruption in the flow of blood to a part of the brain {embolic} or by bleeding inside the head{hemorraghic}

aphasia

Disturbance in language comprehension or production, often as a result of a stroke.

dysphasia

Difficult speech

paralysis

Absence of strength secondary to nervous impairment.

hemiparesis

partial paralysis of the right or left half of the body

diplopia

Double vision.

Transient Ischemic Attack (mini-stroke)

temporary episodes with a duration of less than 24 hours of impaired neurologic functioning caused by an inadequate flow of blood to a portion of the brain