APUSH Exam Review - 1st 9 Weeks

Anasazi

Native American group in the Southwest known for cliff dwellings

Totem poles

Symbolic sculptures representing lineages in Northwest Native American cultures

Anasazi

Native American group in the Southwest known for cliff dwellings

Totem poles

Symbolic sculptures representing lineages in Northwest Native American cultures

Three Sisters farming

Native American agricultural method combining corn, beans, and squash

Adena-Hopewell

Native American cultures known for building mounds in the Midwest

Iroquois Confederation

Union of Native American tribes in the Northeast for mutual defense

Smallpox

Disease introduced to Native Americans after European contact

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds

Conquistadores

Spanish conquerors who explored and colonized the Americas

Encomienda

System where Spanish crown granted land and natives to colonizers

Pueblo Revolt

Uprising of Native American tribes against Spanish rule in the Southwest

Joint-stock Company

Business partnership issuing stocks for funding ventures

Indentured Servitude

Labor contract for a set period in exchange for passage to the New World

Headright System

Granting 50 acres of land for each person brought to the Chesapeake

Triangular Trade

Trade route between North America, Europe, and Africa involving slaves, rum, and sugar

Salutary Neglect

British policy of lenient enforcement to maintain colonial obedience

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 uprising in Virginia against Governor Berkeley's policies

Glorious Revolution

Bloodless revolution in England influencing colonial governance

Great Migration

Puritan migration from England to the American colonies

King Philip's War

Conflict between English settlers and Native Americans in New England

Pequot War

Conflict between New Englanders and Pequot Tribe leading to Pequot elimination

Salem Witchcraft Trials

1692 trials in Massachusetts reflecting Puritan intolerance

First Great Awakening

Religious revival in the 1740s-1750s emphasizing personal salvation

Jonathan Edwards

Prominent preacher during the First Great Awakening

Felony Witchcraft Conviction

Resulted in 19 hangings and 1 pressed to death, showcasing Puritan intolerance

1st Great Awakening

Religious revival in 1740s-1750s; led by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield

Congregationalists

Followers of Puritan faith, debated predestination vs. Arminianism

John Zenger

Printer acquitted, setting precedent for freedom of speech and press

Phillis Wheatley

Enslaved poet, celebrated for her literary talent and freedom

Poor Richard's Almanack

Ben Franklin's popular book of witty sayings and advice

Enlightenment

Emphasized human reason, influenced by John Locke and Deism

Stono Uprising

Violent slave rebellion in South Carolina, suppressed with stricter controls

French and Indian War

Conflict between British/Colonists and French/Indians, leading to British acquisition of Canada

Mayflower Compact

Early self-governing agreement in Plymouth Colony, not a formal constitution

Dominion of New England

Centralized rule from Boston, dissolved local assemblies

Fundamental Orders of New England

First written constitution in America, established representative legislature

Halfway Covenant

Allowed partial membership in Puritan Church to increase participation

Maryland Toleration Act

Protected Christians from persecution, excluding Jews and atheists

Navigation Acts

Regulated colonial trade to benefit England, limited colonial autonomy

Albany Plan of Union

Ben Franklin's proposal for colonial unity, rejected but influential

British Proclamation of 1763

Restricted colonial settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains

Pontiac's Rebellion

Native American uprising in Ohio River Valley against white settlements

Stamp Act

Tax on legal documents and goods, leading to colonial protests

Quartering Act

Required colonists to house British troops, part of Coercive Acts

Sugar Act

Revenue-raising tax on colonial goods, enforced through admiralty courts

Declaratory Act

Affirmed Parliament's authority over the colonies, preceding Townshend Acts

Townshend Acts

Taxation on various goods, sparking colonial resistance and boycotts

Intolerable Acts

Repressive laws in response to colonial unrest, including Boston Port Act

Committees of Correspondence

Organized written communication among colonies to oppose British rule

First Continental Congress

Gathered colonies in response to Intolerable Acts, setting stage for further action

Boston Massacre

Fatal clash between colonists and British soldiers, fueling anti-British sentiment

Boston Tea Party

Sons of Liberty protest against British taxes, leading to Intolerable Acts

Valley Forge

Harsh winter camp for Continental Army, where soldiers endured great suffering

Second Continental Congress

National governing body during American Revolution, adopted Declaration of Independence

Sons & Daughters of Liberty

Patriotic groups advocating for colonial rights, involved in Boston Tea Party

Republican Motherhood

Women's role in instilling patriotic values, exemplified by Abigail Adams

Declaration of Independence

Document declaring independence from Great Britain, authored by Thomas Jefferson

Constitutional Convention of 1787

Drafted U.S. Constitution, balancing state and national powers

Federalist Papers

Essays promoting Constitution's ratification by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay

Whiskey Rebellion

Protest against whiskey tax, suppressed by Washington's forces

Quasi War

Undeclared naval conflict with France, resolved through peace treaty in 1800

XYZ Affair

Diplomatic incident with France, highlighting tensions between the two nations

Quasi War of 1798

Undeclared naval war between U.S. and France

Thomas Paine

Author of 'Common Sense' advocating American independence

John Adams

2nd U.S. President, Federalist, defended Boston Massacre soldiers

Alexander Hamilton

Secretary of Treasury, pro-British, advocated strong central government

Citizen Edmond Genet

French envoy to U.S. seeking support against Britain and Spain

George III

British King during the American Revolution

First Bank of the United States

Chartered in 1791 to handle U.S. government's financial needs

George Washington

Led Continental Army, 1st U.S. President, advocated neutrality

Hamilton's 6 Point Plan

Hamilton's economic program including a national bank and tariffs

Washington's Neutrality Proclamation

1793 declaration for U.S. to remain neutral in European conflicts

Treaty of Paris

1783 treaty ending the American Revolutionary War

Shays' Rebellion

1786 uprising in Massachusetts highlighting weaknesses of Articles of Confederation

Bill of Rights

First 10 Amendments limiting Federal Government's power

Articles of Confederation

First U.S. governing document, weak national government

Land Ordinance of 1785

Regulated sale of land in Northwest Territory to pay off national debt

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Established process for territories to become states

Judiciary Act of 1789

Established U.S. federal Judiciary system

Chisholm v. Georgia

1793 case granting Federal Court power over disputes with states

Jay Treaty

1794 agreement between U.S. and Britain addressing disputes

Pinckney's Treaty

1795 treaty between U.S. and Spain guaranteeing navigation rights

Alien and Sedition Act

Laws during Adams' presidency limiting criticism of the government

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

1798 resolutions asserting states' rights to nullify federal laws

Federalists

Advocated strong central government, led by Washington and Hamilton

Anti-Federalists

Opposed strong central government, led by Jefferson and Madison

Adams's "Midnight Appointments"

Last-minute judicial appointments by Adams before leaving office

Thomas Jefferson

Author of Declaration of Independence, 3rd U.S. President

Louisiana Purchase

1803 acquisition of territory from France doubling U.S. size

Marbury v. Madison

1803 Supreme Court case establishing judicial review

Embargo Act

1806-1808 ban on trade with Britain and France to maintain neutrality

Tripoli War

Conflict with Barbary States over tribute payments