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IB Bio Neurobiology
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Biology
Physiology
12th
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39 Terms
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1
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iris
regulated size of pupil
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pupil
admits light
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retina
contains receptors for vision
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aqueous humour
transmits light rays & supports eyeball
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vitreous humour
transmits light rays & supports eyeball
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rods
allow black & white vision in response to dim light (less brightness, more effective)
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cones
allow color vision in response to bright light
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fovea
area of densely packed cone cells where vision is most acute
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lens
focuses light rays
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sclera
protects & supports eyeball
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cornea
focusing begins here
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choroid
absorbs stray light
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conjunctiva
covers sclera & cornea & keeps eye moist
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optic nerve
transmits impulses to brain
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eye lid
protects eye
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simulus
change in environment of organism that is detected & causes response
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reflex
unconscious response
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reflex are
series of nerve impulses sent to spinal cord & back to motor neuron
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pain receptors respond to what?
respond to stimuli of pain
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reflex arc path
sensory neuron → spinal cord → motor neuron
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what are types of stimuli that can cause pain?
heat, pressure, or chemicals produced by damaged tissue
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pain receptors
oftentimes long neurons that run directly into CNS (spinal cord)
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pain reflex arc = __ synapse reflex arc
2
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where are the two synapse reflex arcs for pain?
1. btwn sensory neuron & spinal cord neuron
2. btwn spinal cord neuron & motor neuron
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how do scientists fully understand an organism’s behavior?
look at behavior in popul (b/c only popul can evolve, not indiv)
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example of natural selection
European Black Caps
* normal: nest during summer in Germany, travel to Spain during winter
* now: fly & nest in Britain (shorter distance)
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how did European black caps gain an evolutionary advantage?
fly shorter distance → better choices for nesting sites → increase reproductive success
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mechanoreceptors
type of nerve cells that respond to pressure
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chemoreceptors
type of nerve cells that respond to specific chemical (numerous types)
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what do chemoreceptors provide?
provide sense of taste & smell
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why does food taste different when sick?
b/c chemoreceptors in nose = blocked or inhibited
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thermoreceptors
type of nerve cells that respond to change in temp
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photoreceptors
type of nerve cells that respond to light energy
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sense organs
collect stimuli & send them to brain
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grouping of rods vs cones
* rods - grouped in three
* cones - single (by itself)
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what does explosion sound like in space?
nothing b/c sound travels thru atoms & molecules but space = “empty”
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ears
capture sound waves
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path of capturing sound wave
1. tympanic membrane vibrates
2. malleus - hammer
3. incus - anvil
4. stapes - strikes oval window → vibrates (“stirrup”)
5. stimulates hair cells → release neurotransmitters
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higher amplitude…
louder sound