Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes (copy)

Demographic equation

A formula that uses birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration statistics to show population growth.

Crude birth rate (CBR)

The annual number of live births per 1,000 people in a population.

Crude death rate (CDR)

The annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population.

Green Revolution

Increased food and nutrition, access to sanitation, education, and healthcare.

Rate of natural increase (RNI) formula

Birth Rate - Death Rate / 10%.

Net Migration Rate (NMR)

The number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants for every thousand members of the population.

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The estimated average number of children born to each female of birthing age.

Dependency ratio

The number of people too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in the workforce.

Demographic transition model (DTM)

A theory of how population changes over time, providing insights into migration, fertility, economic development, industrialization, urbanization, labor, politics, and the role of women.

Epidemiological transition model (ETM)

A model that accounts for development due to increasing population growth rates caused by medical advances.

Stage One - DTM

Historically characterized by pre-agricultural societies engaged in subsistence farming and transhumance, with high birth and death rates.

Stage Two - DTM

Typically agriculturally based economies with high birth rates, declining death rates, and rapid population growth.

Stage Three - DTM

Historically where most "industrialized" or manufacturing-based countries were found, with declining birth and death rates due to urbanization and fertility control.

Stages Four and Five - DTM

Converging birth and death rates resulting in limited population growth or decline, with service industries driving the economy.

Malthusian Theory

The theory that global population would eventually outgrow the food supply, but food production has continued to stay ahead of population growth.

Sustainability

The ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Population Pyramids

Graphical representations of the population structure, gender, and age distribution of a country or place.

Arithmetic density

The number of people per square unit of land.

Physiologic density

The number of people per square unit of farmland.

Overpopulation

A major concern in resource-poor regions and globally. It leads to the depletion of nonrenewable energy sources and decreased personal space.

Migration

The movement of people from one location to another, usually voluntarily

Push factors

Specific factors commonly about the rural agricultural landscape and livelihood that force people to leave, such as armed conflict or environmental pollution.

Pull factors

Specific factors commonly about cities that attract people somewhere, such as job opportunities or access to healthcare.

Interregional Migrants

People who move from one region to another within a country.

Transnational Migration

Movement of people across national borders, involving the relocation and settlement in a different country.

Forced Migration

Movement of individuals or groups who are compelled to leave their homes or countries due to factors such as conflict, persecution, or environmental disasters.

Undocumented Immigrants

Individuals residing in a country without legal authorization by the government of that country. Commonly seeking refuge or employment.

Amnesty Program

Government programs that allow undocumented immigrants the opportunity to apply for official legal status.

Step Migration

The gradual movement of people from rural areas to urban areas in a series of small steps driven by economic opportunities and better living conditions.

Chain Migration

The process where immigrants move to a new country because of existing connections with family or friends who have already settled there.

Life-course changes

The various transitions and transformations that occur throughout an individual's life and can cause people to migrate.

Synonym for Birth Rate

Natality

Synonym for Death Rate

Mortality Rate

Rate of Natural Increase

Difference between the birth rate and the death rate in a population.

Reduced Fecundity

When the majority of women are heavily engaged in business, they are far less likely to have children.

Doubling Time

How long it would take for a country to double in size.

Replacement Rate

2.1 TFR

Boserup theory

the more people there are, the more people can work instead of more mouths to feed

• as pop increases = more pressure on agriculture system = inspires invention = more food

antinatalist policies

policies that attempted to reduce the number of children born in a country

• used by developing countries

• China One Child Policy - 1979-2016

• 118 males:100 females

• changes to 2 children in 2016

pronatalist policies

programs designed to increase fertility rates

• paid time off, free childcare, government discounts

• Denmark Singapore Italy Russia - promoted more children by national pride

What policies did Singapore have

both anti and pro

• “Stop at Two” - 1966

• “Have three or more if you can afford it “ - 1987

• “Work Life Harmony” - 2000

• paid leave, cash bonuses, tax rebates for working mothers

intervening obstacles

barriers that make migrants destination harder to reach

• political - laws on immigration

• environmental - deserts or oceans

• walls and constructs

• social - married to someone on route and settles in their community

• economic - not enough money for destination

intervening opportunities

opportunities on route that disrupt their original migration plan

Ravensteins law of migration

Gravity model

as population of city increases = migration increases

distance to city grows = migration decreases

guest workers

transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to find labor that isn’t available locally

• unskilled agricultural or manual labor

internally displaced person (IDP)

when migrants move to another part of the same country

refugee

people who migrate out of international borders

remittances

money sent from migrants to their families back in their home countries

brain drain

when migration out of a country is made of skilled people

ethnic enclaves

neighborhoods made of mostly the same ethnic group

• little italy

• chinatown

transhumance

process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons

• Italy, Greece, Turkey

Arithmetic population density

people divided by land

agricultural density

farmers divided/arable land

Physiological density

people/ arable land

Great Migration

large migration in the US that triggers after the end of world war I in 1917 where many in south cities migrated to the rest of the country