PSY 30 3RD EXAM 🕺🏾🕺🏾🕺🏾

Refers to the capacity or effect of someone or something to shape the opinions, behaviors, or decisions of others. It is the ability to have an impact on people's thoughts, attitudes, or actions without necessarily having direct authority or control over them.

Influence

The ability to exercise control, authority, or dominance over others or a specific situation. It involves having the capability to enforce one's will or achieve desired outcomes.

Power

The process by which individuals within a group are affected by the thoughts, attitudes, opinions, and behaviors of other group members.

Social Influence

he phenomenon where the opinions, beliefs, or behaviors of the majority of group members have a significant impact on the attitudes and actions of the entire group. It is the process by which the majority viewpoint or position shapes the collective decision-making and behavior within the group.

Majority Influence

The experiment aimed to study conformity and the influence of the majority on individual decision-making within a group.

The Asch Situation

typically refers to a group of people who are numerically fewer or have less power or representation compared to the dominant or majority population in a particular context.

Minority

was a pioneering social psychologist who is perhaps best remembered for his research on the psychology of conformity.

Asch Solomon

the tendency for individuals to change their actions, emotions, opinions, judgments, and other responses in order to align more closely with those of others in the group.

Conformity

or acquiescence: occurs when group members privately hold a different opinion but publicly express an opinion that aligns with the majority opinion within the group.

Compliance

or private acceptance: happens when members change their stance on an issue because they genuinely believe that the group's position is correct.

Conversion

or uniformity: takes place when members already agree with the group's position from the beginning. They express their opinion publicly in line with the group's stance, without needing to shift their position as a result of the group's influence.

Congruence

This is when someone chooses not to follow the usual or expected way of doing things.

Nonconformity

resist conforming to group norms or societal expectations because they prioritize personal autonomy and individuality.

Independence

express ideas or take actions that are the opposite of whatever the group favors.

Anticonformity

refers to the deliberate and purposeful act of resisting or opposing social norms, expectations, or prevailing opinions for strategic reasons.

Strategic Anticonformity

refers to the tendency of individuals to adjust their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to align with the prevailing norms or expectations in different situations or environments.

(This means that people often change how they think and act to fit in with the people around them, depending on where they are and who they're with.)

Conformity across Contexts

this kind of situation, your personal traits and feelings matter less, and you'll probably do what's expected.

Strong Situation

these situations, you're more likely to act based on your own personality and feelings because there's no strong pressure to follow specific rules.

Weak Situation

individuals are presented with a series of ambiguous stimuli or tasks, and their responses are observed. The aim is to examine the extent to which individuals conform to the perceived social norms or expectations, even in the absence of explicit pressure or influence from others

Crutchfield situation

refers to the tendency of individuals to adjust their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to align with those of a larger group or society.

Conformity across People

Researchers who conducted a survey and analysis of studies replicating Asch's experiments in various countries. They examined the potential underestimation of conformity by Asch and explored the role of cultural differences in shaping

Rod Bond and Smith

A conceptual analysis of the cognitive and interpersonal processes that mediate the direct and indirect impact of a consistent minority on the majority

It seeks to explain how individuals resolve the discomfort or dissonance that arises when their beliefs or attitudes conflict with their behavior.

Conversion Theory

Conversion theory suggests that minorities exert influence in a different manner compared to majorities.

Conversion theory

refers to the act of evaluating oneself in relation to others

Comparison

to gain information about their abilities, opinions, or characteristics by comparing themselves to others.

social comparison

refers to the process of seeking external confirmation or acceptance of one's beliefs, opinions, or actions. Individuals may seek ____ to feel reassured, gain confidence, or align themselves with a particular group or social norm.

(This means looking for approval or confirmation from others about what you think or do. People do it to feel more sure about themselves)

validation

highlights the complex nature of social influence processes, where the effects may unfold gradually over time rather than being immediately observable.

Delayed Social Influence

involves analyzing the conditions, factors, and dynamics that affect the impact of minority perspectives on the majority.

Predicting Minority Influence

It refers to the amount of freedom or leeway granted to individuals within a group to deviate from group norms or expectations without facing negative consequences.

Idiosyncrasy Credits

refers to the hard work, commitment, and attentiveness exhibited by group members

Diligence

individuals who express dissent or disagreement, offering alternative viewpoints and challenging the prevailing consensus within the group.

dissenters

are the procedures or guidelines that groups use to make decisions

Decision rules

refers to the expression of disagreement or opposing viewpoints within the group.

dissent

seeks to explain how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence or actions of others.

Dynamic Social Impact Theory

This refers as individuals interact with one another regularly, their actions, attitudes, and opinions become more uniform

Consolidation

people are primarily influenced by those who are closest to them within a group

(It's like how you might be more influenced by your close friends' ideas than by someone you barely know.)

Clustering

refers to the statistical relationship or association between two or more variables.

correlation

refers to the ongoing presence and acknowledgment of diversity within a particular context or environment.

(is about keeping those (ideas) differences alive through communication and resistance to the majority's influence.)

Continuing diversity

refers to the subtle and indirect ways in which individuals or entities can shape or affect the attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors of others without explicit or overt persuasion.

(is when people or things affect how others think or act without directly telling them what to do.)

Implicit Influence

refers to the unconscious imitation or copying of the behavior, gestures, expressions, or speech patterns of others.

Mimicry

A state of reduced cognitive processing refers to a condition in which the level of conscious thinking or deliberation is diminished.

(when we do things without really thinking about them. It's like going on autopilot, and we act based on habits or routines rather than making deliberate choices.)

Mindlessness

refers to a social phenomenon where individuals adopt the beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors of others due to the belief that the others possess more accurate or valid information.

Informational Influence

refers to the process of evaluating one's own abilities, opinions, and attributes by comparing them to those of others.

Social Comparison

refers to the tendency for individuals to overestimate the extent to which their opinions, attitudes, preferences, or behaviors are shared by others. In other words, people tend to believe that their own beliefs or behaviors are more common or "normal" than they actually are

(means we often think more people agree with us than they actually do. It's because we assume others think like us, even when they don't.)

False Consensus Effect

is an idea in psychology that suggests there are two separate systems or ways of thinking in our minds.

(The fast system relies on intuition and quick judgments, while the slow system involves careful reasoning and analysis)

Dual Process Theory

are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that our minds use to simplify decision-making and problem-solving processes.

Heuristics

refers to the power of a minority group's opinions or beliefs to influence the attitudes and behaviors of the majority.

Informational Influence of Minorities

refers to the way social norms and the desire for social acceptance influence our beliefs and behaviors. It is the power of conforming to the expectations and standards of a social group or society.

(is when we do things to fit in with others or to avoid looking bad in front of them. It's like following the crowd to be accepted.)

Normative Influence

refers to a state of cognitive or psychological discomfort that arises when there is inconsistency or conflict between two or more beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors.

(feeling uneasy when our thoughts or actions don't match up. It's like when you believe one thing but do something opposite, and it makes you feel conflicted or uncomfortable.)

Dissonant

to the act of expressing disagreement or opposition to a prevailing opinion, authority, or established norms. It involves openly challenging or questioning the status quo, offering alternative viewpoints, or resisting conformity

Dissent

suggests that descriptive and injunctive norms have the power to influence behavior when they are made salient and given attention.

(says that rules and what people think is right can affect behavior when they are brought to our attention and we pay attention to them.)

Focus Theory of Normative

refer to the perception of what is commonly done or the prevailing behavior in a particular context

(like the unwritten rules of behavior that we think most people follow in a specific situation. They tell us what is typical or common behavior in that context.)

Descriptive norms

pertain to the perception of what is socially approved or disapproved.

(like society's signals of what is right or wrong in a specific situation. They tell us what is socially accepted or frowned upon behavior in that context.)

Injunctive norms

refers to how individuals can impact the thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of others by interacting with them socially. It involves the capacity to persuade, convince, or mold the viewpoints and actions of other individuals.

Interpersonal influence

shed light on how individuals are affected by others' actions, decisions, and social dynamics. They provide valuable insights into human behavior, social interactions, and the impact of social processes on psychological well-being.

(help us understand how people are influenced by others and how exclusion from a group can affect individuals' mental well-being. These concepts reveal a lot about human behavior and social relationships.)

Influence and Ostracism

refers to the experience of being rejected, excluded, or dismissed by others in interpersonal relationships or social interactions.

Interpersonal rejection

is a psychological phenomenon where individuals or groups tend to criticize, exclude, or derogate members who are perceived as deviating from the norms, values, or behaviors of the group.

(is when people in a group criticize or exclude those who are seen as different from the group's norms. It happens because the group wants to stay united by rejecting those who don't follow the rules.)

The Black-Sheep Effect

refer to the psychological and interpersonal processes that occur within groups, focusing on individual perceptions, attitudes, and emotions that shape the group's functioning and interactions.

(how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and attitudes affect how a group works together. It's about how our personal views influence the group's behavior and relationships.)

Subjective group dynamics

Two interconnected concepts that relate to individuals' sense of self and their expression of disagreement or opposition within a group or society.

(are connected ideas about how people see themselves and how they express disagreement in a group or society. Our sense of self influences how we disagree with others.)

Identity and dissent

is a social psychological phenomenon that refers to the tendency for individuals to be less likely to help or intervene in an emergency situation when other people are present.

(is when people are less likely to help in an emergency when there are others around.)

Bystanders Effect

contributing to the decreased likelihood of intervention in emergency situations when others are present.

Social Influence and The Bystander Effect

psychological phenomenon where individuals experience a decreased sense of personal obligation to take action or provide assistance in a situation due to the presence of others.

(s when people feel less responsible to help because others are present in a situation.)

Diffusion of Responsibility

refer to the interactions, processes, and influences that occur within a jury during the deliberation and decision-making process.

(are how a group of people in a jury interact and make decisions during a trial.)

Jury dynamics

regular people from the community who are chosen to listen to evidence in a trial and decide if the person on trial is guilty or not guilty. They play a crucial role in the legal system.

Jurors

refers to the use of narrative or storytelling techniques to understand and analyze group behavior and interactions.

(is a way of thinking where jurors organize trial evidence into a logical and believable story. It's like using storytelling to make sense of complex information during a trial.)

Story Mode

is an important aspect of the justice system

(It means that individuals from diverse backgrounds and perspectives can have an impact on the decisions made during a trial)

The influence of minorities

are typically composed of a diverse group of individuals who are responsible for evaluating evidence, applying the law, and reaching a verdict in a trial.

Juries

juries can bring unique perspectives and life experiences that may differ from the majority of jurors. Their presence can help ensure that different viewpoints and considerations are taken into account during deliberations

(offer different viewpoints and life experiences compared to the majority. This ensures a more diverse discussion and consideration of various perspectives during jury deliberations.)

Minorities

are concepts that describe the social dynamics and hierarchy within a group.

Status and Influence

involves implementing strategies and practices that promote fairness, inclusivity, and effective decision-making.

Improving juries

refers to the number of individuals who serve as jurors in a trial. The specific ___ can vary depending on the jurisdiction and the type of trial.

jury size

refers to the extent to which the jury composition reflects the diversity and demographics of the community from which it is drawn.

(mean that the group of people serving on the jury should be a fair and balanced reflection of the larger community or population they are drawn from)

Representativeness

also known as conformity or the bandwagon effect, refers to the phenomenon where individuals adjust their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to align with the majority opinion or actions within a group.

(if most jurors think one way, some may feel pressured to agree, even if they have a different opinion. This can affect the fairness of the jury's decision-making.)

Majority Influence

allows jurors to express their individual opinions and contributes to the decision-making process.

Voting in juries

the formal decision or judgment reached by a jury or judge at the end of a trial or legal proceeding.

Verdicts

refers to the situation where all jurors in a jury reach an agreement or decision together, without any dissenting opinions. It signifies that all jurors are in complete accord and agree on the verdict or outcome of the case.

Unanimity

refers to the introduction of new methods, practices, or procedures within a system or organization to improve its efficiency, effectiveness, or outcomes.

Procedural Innovations

is a procedural process used in jury selection where attorneys and the court question prospective jurors to determine their suitability for serving on a jury

(is like an interview for potential jurors. Lawyers and the court ask questions to make sure jurors can be fair and impartial. They want to pick a jury without biases or conflicts of interest for a fair trial.)

Voir dire

Compliance with authoritative directives pertaining to a given situation, including changes in behavior in response to instructions, orders, and demands issued by those with authority

Obedience

An American Social Psychologist who tested American subjects' reactions to an experimenter who ordered them to harm a person innocent of any wrongdoing.

Stanley Milgram

creating small groups of three members: a volunteer, an experimenter, and a participant who was actually part of the research team.

The Obedience Situation

In the original version of the study, the participants heard only a pounding on the wall when they pressed down the switch for 300 V.

Harm versus Rights

The learners shouts and please (rehearsed and tape recorded) could be heard through the wall

Voice-feedback condition

The experimenter connected wires to a learner's arm, who had a heart condition. When shocked, the learner's groans and shouts of protest could be heard through the wall.

65% of participants continued to administer shocks to the 450-V level even when the learner stopped responding.

Heart problem condition

In earlier versions of the study, the teacher and learner were separated by a glass observation window. Milgram noticed that the learners averted their eyes. Milgram moved the learner into the same room as the teacher to make the consequences of their actions clearer to subjects. This was done to make the consequences of their actions more visible.

Proximity and Surveillance Effects

The learner sat in the same room as the teacher, voicing the same complaints used in the voice feedback condition and writhing with pain at each shock.

Obedience dropped to 40%.

Proximity condition

65% of participants continued to administer shocks to the 450-V level even when the learner stopped responding.

Heart problem condition

Obedience dropped to 40%.

Proximity condition

The learner received a shock when putting their hand on a shock plate and at the 150-V level, he refused to put his hand down on the plate, so the experimenter used an insulated glove to press the learner's hand onto the plate as he depressed the shock switch.

Touch-proximity condition

30% obeyed

Touch-proximity condition

After the experimenter leave the room, 25% of the participants stopped as soon as the learner insisted on release and only 20% were obedient to the 450-V level.

Low surveillance condition

Milgram moved the study to a building located in a shopping area

Obedience dropped to 48%—still a surprisingly large figure given the unknown credentials of the staff. However, two individuals refused to give any shocks at all.

Office-building condition

Milgram added a fourth member to the group who was given the task of recording the shock levels used and the new participant, who was actually a confederate, ordered the participant to give shocks in increasing doses when the learner started to complain.

Obedience dropped to 20%

Ordinary-man variation

Here the experimenter agreed to take the role of the learner, supposedly to convince a reluctant learner that the shocks were not harmful. The experimenter tolerated the shocks up to 150 V, but then he shouted, "That's enough, gentlemen!"

Authority-as-victim condition

Concluded that "the fundamental concept in social science is Power, in the same sense in which Energy is the fundamental concept in physics"

Bertrand Russell

include one's degree of control over rewards and punishments, authority within the group, attractiveness, expertise, and access to and control over information needed by group members.

Power Bases

Power based on control over the distribution of rewards (both personal and impersonal) given or offered to group members.

Reward power

Derives from one's capacity to dispense punishments, both impersonal and personal, to others.

Coercive power

A psychological state that occurs when subordinates in an organized status hierarchy experience such a marked reduction in autonomy that they are unable to defy orders (proposed by Stanley Milgram).

(is when individuals in a hierarchical organization, like the military, feel such a loss of autonomy that they can't refuse orders, as suggested by Stanley Milgram.)

Argentic state

have the socially sanctioned right to demand that others execute their commands.

Legitimate power