Semester 2 Anatomy Final

cell

smallest unit of life

tissue

groups of similar cells that have a common function

organ

discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types and performs a specific function, allows for complex functions

organ system

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

metabolism

all chemical reactions that occur within body cells

catabolism

breaking down substances into simpler building blocks

anabolism

synthesizing complex substances from simpler building blocks

Homeostasis

the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions

carbon

can bond to 4 other atoms in order to make many different molecules, allowing it to make up major compounds of life

hydrophobic

Water fearing

hydrophilic

water loving

peptide bond

a bond between two amino acids by a dehydration reaction

Monosaccharide

fatty acid

amino acid

DNA (characteristics)

found in nucleus, double helix, deoxyribose sugar, AGCT, contains genetic material, directs protein synthesis, replicates before cell division

RNA (characteristics)

found in cytoplasm, single strand (straight or folded) ribose sugar, AGCU, carries genetic instructions to make proteins

plasma membrane (function)

separates the intracellular fluid within the cell and the extracellular fluid outside the cell

nucleus (function)

gene-containing control center of the cell, contains instructions to make all the body's proteins and dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be made

cytoplasm (function)

cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus and is the site of most cellular activities

mitochondria (function)

powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP

plasma membrane labeling

epithelial

tissue that covers

muscular

tissue that moves

nervous

tissue that controls

connective

tissue that supports

voluntary muscles

muscles that move under conscious control

involuntary muscles

muscles that do not move under conscious control

papillary, reticular

2 layers of dermis

papillary dermis

thin, superficial layer of dermis with fine interlacing collagen and elastic fibers that form a loosely woven mate with small blood vessels

reticular dermis

layer of dermis with deeper, coarse, dense irregular connective tissue

eccrine gland

simple, coiled, tubular, most numerous type of gland, abundant in palms, feet, and forehead, produces sweat

apocrine gland

gland that lies deeper in dermis and ducts empty into hair follicles, produces sweat with fatty substances and proteins, creates odor when bacteria decompose on sweaty areas

sebaceous gland

oil glands found all over the body except palms and feet, produce sebum,

functions of skin

protection, body temp regulation, cutaneous sensation, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, excretion

long bones

bones longer than they are wide (ex: femur)

short bones

cube shaped bones (ex: wrist)

flat bones

bones that are thin, flattened, and slightly curved (ex: sternum/breastbone)

sternum (breastbone)

flat bone example

irregular bones

bones with complicated shapes that do not fit into another category (ex: pelvis)

skeletal system function

support, protection, anchorage, mineral storage, blood cell formation, fat storage

skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

3 parts of axial skeleton

osteomalacia

number of disorders in which the bones are poorly mineralized, creates soft and weak bones, can be prevented with sufficient vitamin D intake

rickets

similar to osteomalacia but in children, can be more severe since bones are still growing in children, can be prevented with sufficient calcium and vitamin D intake

Osteoporosis

group of diseases in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit, bones become brittle and fragile, can be prevented with exercise, diet, healthy lifestyle

skeletal muscle

organs that attach and cover the skeleton (skeletal, striated, voluntary)

cardiac muscle

makes up most of the heart walls
(cardiac, striated, involuntary)

smooth muscle

found in the walls of hollow visceral organs like stomach, bladder, and respiratory passages (visceral, nonstriated, involuntary)

sliding filament model of contraction

during contraction, the thin filaments slide past the thick ones so that the actin and myosin filaments overlap

sarcomere

region of a myofibril between two
successive Z discs, a contractile unit of a muscle fiber

myosin

protein that makes up the thick filaments of muscle fibers

actin

protein that makes up the thin filaments of muscle fibers

z disc

darker midline that separates the sarcomeres from each other in muscle fibers

cross bridge

formed during muscle fiber contraction when
the head attaches to thin filaments

fixed joint

Joints that prevent movement (ex: skull)

synovial joint

joints with a self-contained capsule area that contains a lubricant (synovial fluid) (ex: elbow)

semimovable joint

joints that permit limited movement (ex: vertebrae of spine)

pivot joint

joint in which rotating bone turns around an axis (ex: neck)

hinge joint

Joint between bones that permits motion in only one plane (ex: elbow, knee)

ball and socket joint

enable bones to rotate in a complete circle (ex: shoulder)

axon terminal

end of the axon of a neuron that may have branches and synaptic terminal buttons

myelin sheath

lipid layer of neuron that covers the axon and insulates the axon to speed up transmission of the signal

cell body

part of the neuron that contains nucleus and other organelles

nucleus

dendrites

membrane-covered extensions extending from the cell body of a neuron and receive signals from other neurons

axon

long projections of a neuron that transmits the signal away from the cell body

Nodes of Ranvier

gaps in the myelin sheath of a neuron

neurotransmitters

chemicals released by the synaptic terminal buttons across the cleft to signal the next neuron

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

all other neurons not in the brain or spinal cord

Sensory Division

PNS division that includes sensory receptors and interneurons that connect them to the central nervous system

motor division

PNS division that allows the body to react to sensory information and is made up of two systems

somatic nervous system

Subdivision of the motor division that is voluntary

autonomic nervous system

Subdivision of the motor division that is involuntary, controls the body's internal conditions by affecting muscles in blood vessels, glands, and organs

sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations, flight or fight response

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy, controls the internal environment during routine conditions

cerebrum

largest portion of the human brain with folded outer layer for thinking, judgment, and processing the senses

cerebral cortex

folded outer layer of brain made up of grey matter (cells with no myelin sheath)

medulla oblongata

swallowing center of brain that coordinates the muscles of the mouth, pharynx (throat), and larynx so food can move down the esophagus

Cerebellum

part of the brain responsible for coordination of muscle, posture and body position

auditory sensory receptors

hair cells in ear canal respond to soundwaves and vibration of tympanic membrane (eardrum)

vision sensory receptors

light comes through pupil and reflects through lens onto retina producing image interpreted by the brain

Taste sensory receptors

chemoreceptors in taste buds send signal to brain to be interpreted

smell sensory receptors

olfactory receptors in nasal passages perceive smells as chemicals and send message to brain to be interpreted

touch sensory receptors

mechanoreceptors in skin sense touch/pressure, thermoreceptors sense temperature, pain receptors sense pain

arteries

large muscular vessels that carry blood away from the heart

veins

large blood vessels that carries blood to the heart bringing usually deoxygenated blood

Capillaries

tiny vessels that carry blood to individual cells

Functions of blood

transportation, regulation, protection

diastolic pressure

pressure in arteries when heart
is resting and refilling with blood

systolic pressure

pressure in the arteries when
heart contracts

antigens

proteins or carbohydrates on blood cells that acts as a signal, enabling the body to recognize foreign substances

antibodies

Specialized proteins in blood that aid in destroying infectious agents and attach to antigens

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

hormone that causes the SA node to fire more frequently to increase the heart rate

pacemaker

regulates the rate of contraction of the entire heart by sending out an "electrical" signal to initiate the contraction of both atria

Purkinje fibers

branches of the conducting fibers in heart that spread out into the thick cardiac muscle tissue

pulmonary circulation

route of blood flow from the right side of the heart to the lungs to release carbon dioxide and pick-up oxygen

systemic circulation

route of blood flow from the left side of the heart through the aorta to the rest of body delivering oxygen to organs and tissues and picking up carbon dioxide

Type I pneumocytes

extremely thin alveolar cells in lungs that are adapted to carry out gas exchange, cannot undergo mitosis, large surface area

Type II pneumocytes

in alveoli of lungs, cuboidal in shape and produce surfactant to reduce surface tension, preventing alveoli from sticking together

mouth and nose

air enters and small hairs in the nose filters the air and mucus warms and moistens the air