Exam 2A lecture 7

Concerning bulk flow, the movement of substance across the capillary wall into the tissue under the influence of pressures called _______.

filtration

What is the most important force driving filtration at the arterial end of a capillary?

blood hydrostatic pressure

what is the most important force driving reabsorption at the venous end of a capillary?

blood colloid osmotic pressure

Which of the following would decrease capillary filtration?

dehydration

What is taken up by the capillaries at their venous end?

waste products

waste products are taken up by the capillaries at their ______

venous end

which of the following does NOT lead to edema?

C) liver disease

D) famine

e) hyperproteinemia

hyperproteinemia

How is venous return to your heart affected when you go for an easy jog?

it is increased due to increased skeletal muscular pump activity

If the blood pressure reading is 120 / 80 mmHg, "80" indicates ________, which is the pressure during _____________.

diastolic pressure; ventricle relaxation

A person has 130/90 mmHg blood pressure. What is the person's pulse pressure (mmHg)?

40 mmHg

What is the mean arterial pressure for a person with 110 and 65 mm Hg as systolic and diastolic pressure, respectively?

MAP = diastolic pressure +1/3 (pulse pressure)

80 mmHg

___________ may lower the vascular resistance.

increased vessel radius

The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________.

significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius

Peripheral resistance ________.

increases as blood viscosity increases

_________ is NOT one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?

emotional state

_________ would DECREASE blood pressure.

decreased CO

Which of the following has the most important effect on blood velocity?

Vessel radius

Select the correct statement

a) Excess protein production would decrease blood pressure.

b) An increase in CO corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure.

c) Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.

d) Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure.

Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.

The baroreceptor reflex causes changes in _____________________.

pressure, stroke volume, heart rate, and peripheral resistance

During exercise, arterioles to the skeletal muscles __________.

dilate in response to increased muscle metabolites

Where is the cardiovascular center located?

medulla oblongata

where is the vasomotor located?

medulla oblongata

If a baroreceptor detects that pressure in an artery is TOO LOW, the brain will tell that artery to ______________.

Vasoconstrict, sending more blood to the target organ

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to _______.

changes in arterial pressure

Which of the below factors will INCREASE vascular resistance?

• Increased vessel length

• Decreased blood viscosity

• Increase vessel diameter

Increased vessel length

Which of the followings will NOT INCREASE arteriole blood pressure?

• Risin blood volume

• falling blood volume

• increasing stroke volume

Falling blood volume

Select one of the flowing situations that CANNOT INCREASE the blood flow.

Increased vascular resistance

What does the medullary ischemic reflex result in?

Increased circulation to the brain

Lymphatic vessels recover about __________ of the fluid filtered by capillaries.

15%

Label _______ is a primary lymphatic organ because it is the birth place of all lymphocytes.

5 - thymus and bone marrow

Which of the following is NOT an example of lymphatic tissue?

• Cutaneous membrane

• Lymphatic nodules

• Aggregated lymphoid nodule

• Diffuse lymphatic tissue

• MALT

• cutaneous membrane

Cutaneous membrane

Which of the following is NOT an example of lymphatic tissue?

Microvilli

The lymph from the right arm empties into the _______.

right lymphatic duct

the lymph from the right foot empties into the _____.

The major components of lymph does NOT include ________(chylomicrons (dietary lipids), albumin, extracellular proteins, antibodies (Ig proteins))

albumin

Lymph is similar to blood plasma. But when compared with blood plasma, the lymph is very low in __________.

protein

_____ are dispersed lymphatic nodules associated with mucous membranes.

MALT

The __________ tonsils are the largest, and their surgical removal (tonsillectomy) used to be one of the most common surgical procedures performed in children.

palatine

Which of the following is common in the distal small intestine?

Aggregated lymphoid nodule

_____ is not involved in Cell-mediated immunity.

plasma cells

which is involved in cell-mediated immunity.

memory T cells, Helper T cells, and Killer T cells

Immune surveillance is a process in which __________ nonspecifically detect and destroy foreign cells and diseased host cells.

natural killer (NK) cells

One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that __________.

immunity is directed against a particular pathogen

________ participate in both Cell-mediated and Antibody-mediated immunities.

helper T-cells

__________ are found especially in the mucous membrane, standing guard against parasites and allergens.

eosinophils

Basophils of the blood help to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly by releasing an anticoagulant called __________ and a vasodilator called __________.

heparin; histamine

One group of proteolytic enzymes secreted by natural killer (NK) cells is __________.

granzymes

When an enemy cell is present, a(n)__________ secretes perforins, which bore a hole in the enemy cell membrane.

natural killer cell

________ belong to the non-specific (innate) immunity that secrete perforin and granzymes to destroy target cells.

Natural killer cells

Special lymphatic vessels, called lacteals, absorb dietary __________ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries.

lipids

__________ are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected.

interferons

Complement C3b protein coats bacteria and stimulates phagocytosis by __________.

neutrophils and macrophages

__________ are antimicrobial proteins.

complement proteins

These anti-microbial substances promote cytolysis, phagocytosis and inflammation.

complement proteins

Complement fixation cannot lead to __________.

endogenous pyrexia

Transferrin and ferritin are considered anti-microbial proteins. Because they inhibit certain bacteria by reducing the available ________ through binding.

iron

Which of these cellular agents does not participate in inflammation?

Cytotoxic T cells

__________ is not a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation.

Impaired use

The abnormally high body temperature is considered one of the second line defense. Because the fever can _________,

- enhances the action of interferons and other antimicrobial proteins

- speed up the tissue repair

‘ inhibits bacterial & viral growth

__________ are the largest of the lymphatic vessels, and they empty into the __________.

thoracic ducts; subclavian veins

These anti-microbial substances will diffuse to neighboring uninfected cells and reduce production of viral proteins.

interferons

__________ lacks the capacity to remember a pathogen or react differently to it in the future, whereas __________ utilizes memory cells to adapt to a given pathogen and ward it off more easily in the future.

innate immunity; adaptive immunity

The first line defense does NOT INCLUDE _________.

Inflammation

Inflammation is ________.

• nonspecific process, characterized by redness, swelling, heat and pain

• Kind of inmate immunity

• A tissue response to injury

Which of the following WBCs are NOT considered the second line defense?

Lymphocytes

APCs once hold to the foreign antigens, they will migrate to the nearest lymph node and _______.

present the antigens to lymphocytes.

Which of the following cannot act as antigen-presenting cells?

a) t cells

b) macrophages

c) dendritic cells

d) B cells

T cells

________ participate in both Cell-mediated and Antibody-mediated immunities.

helper T cells

Adaptive defenses depend on the activities of

lymphocytes

Cells that help regulate the immune response are ________ cells.

helper T

Helper T cells do all of the following, EXCEPT

a) enhance memory production and cytotoxic T cells.

b) trigger B-cell division, plasma cell maturation, and antibody production.

c) provide a rapid response to future exposure to the antigen.

provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen.

T cells achieve immunocompetence in the __________.

thymus

Helper T (T H) cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a(n) __________.

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein

Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only

in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.

The majority of T cells of the naive lymphocyte pool wait for the encounter with foreign antigens in the __________.

lymphatic tissues

Antigen-presenting cells usually migrate to ___________ and display processed antigens to T cells there.

lymph nodes

All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity, EXCEPT

weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.

During a primary humoral response to antigens all of the following occur, EXCEPT

a) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances

b) antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure.

c) B cells may differentiate into plasma cells immediately.

d) B cells may undergo several rounds of mitosis before producing plasma cells and memory cells.

e) the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type.

neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are

IgG

Which of the following is something antibodies DO NOT do?

a) Bind to enemy cells, thus changing their shape so their complement-binding sites are exposed

b) Bind antigen molecules of two or more enemy cells and stick them together

c) Neutralize antigens by binding to regions of an antigen that can be pathogenic

d) Differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack

e) Link antigen molecules together

Differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack

Before B cells secrete antibodies, they differentiate into _________.

plasma cells

Which is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response?

Antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack

Memory T cells can be up to __________ old.

decades

If the patient receives the vaccine before any exposure to the pathogen, the second wave in the diagram represents the functioning of _______ in his/her immune system.

the memory B cells

Characteristics of adaptive defenses does NOT include

Innateness

Which of the followings is considered the 3rd line defense of the body?

Antibodies

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of

Helper T-cells

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell.

Helper T

If a child has never received the immunization for this life threatening pathogen A, will be be dangerous when he/she gets exposed to it the first time? ______. Why? ______

Yes; because the low specific antibodies to pathogen A may not be enough to defend him/her (titer level near 1)

A(n) __________ is the region of the molecule that is recognized by antibodies.

epitope

In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must

bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface

The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity includes the followings. Please place them in order: ________

1. bind antigens to glycoproteins (MHC-II).

2. display antigen fragments.

3. activate T cells.

4. process antigens.

4-1-2-3

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against __________.

cancer cells or intracellular virus

Pre-T cells that will form T cells develop in the ______

Thymus

Vaccination provides the ______ exposure to the pathogen. The result is that body will produce ________ cells for the future protection.

1st; memory

When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell.

cytotoxic T

Without vaccination, the patient would produce ______ level of IgG antibodies when they get exposed to the pathogen the first time. It is shown in the _______ wave of the diagram.

lower ; first

All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity, EXCEPT

a) it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure.

b) circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise.

c) it is delayed by the memory cell stage.

d) it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells.

e) it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell.

it is delayed by the memory cell stage.

__________ constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in plasma

IgG