Skeletal System

Hematoma, Fibrocartilaginous callus, Bony callus, bone remodeling

Steps of Healing Bones

Step 1. of healing

Hematoma develops, cell die, and tissue is inflamed

Step 2. of healing

Phagocytes eat up debree, capilaries are built to allow nutrients to be delivered to the area, and fibroblasts/ osteoblasts lay down

Step 3. of healing

Cartilage from previous step hardens from osteoblasts

Step 4 of healing

boney callus is remodeled into its original form by breaking excess bone and is stronger than before

Fibrocartilaginous callus

duct tape fix

causes dead cells

mixing of blood and cells

Bony Callus

Callus hardening on hands or feet

Bone remodeling

Make the bone pretty

Intramembranous ossification, Endochondral ossification, Appositional Growth

types of development

Intramembranous ossification

Forms in connective membrane which are osteoprogenitor cells that turn into osteoblasts. These centers will grow out and will start developing bone in the fontanels.

Endochondral ossification

Occurs at the end of long bones and replaces cartilage that builds out from the diaphysis side first and then from the epiphysis side.

Why bones don’t grow from the middle

if the middle was broken down to build more bone, there would be no support for the rest of the weight that is being put on that bone

Appositional Growth

Where the diameter of the bone is growing out wider. Occurs where the bone is being broken down next to the marrow cavity and being built outside, just below the periosteum

Getting more calcium

In the para thyroid gland. Signals PTH to tell osteoclasts to break down bone to get more calcium into the blood

PTH, osteoclasts, bone breakdown

Low calcium process

Lowering calcium

There is too much calcium, so calcitonin is triggered from the thyroid gland to deposit the calcium.

thyroid gland, Calcitonin, osteoblast, deposit

High calcium process

Spongey bone

Cancellous bone is also known as

Cancellous Bone

No osteons, but has trabeculae and arranged in lines of stress

Why bones are arranged in long lines of stress

the arch shape helps with dispersing the amount of weight that the bone has to bear

Cortical bone

Compact bone is also known as

harverson canal, lamellae, lacunae, caniculi

Parts of compact bone

Lacunae

A lagune; fluid filled sacks that are filled with osteocytes

Lamellae

Rings of trees; concentric cylinder-shaped layers of calcified matrix. Helps the bone be stronger because of the layers

Canaliculi

Canaoli; ultrasmall canals radiating from lacunae and connecting them to each other and

to other osteons

Why canaliculi is important

Allows there to have communication lines between the lacunae. If the bone is breaking down or building up in one of the lacunae, the lines allow the bone to know exactly what is happening and where

Osteoblasts

bone forming cells found in all bone surfaces

Osteoid

Ground substance that allows collagen fibrils to be laid down to strengthen the bone

Collagen fibrils

the spaghetti that strengthens the bone after osteoid is put down

Osteoclasts

break down bone

Osteocytes

mature, non-dividing osteoblasts within lacunae

Support, movement, mineral storage, protection, hematopoiesis

Functions of bone

Forms the framework of the body and allows internal organs to hang by membrane

What support provides

Pelvis, cranium, and ribs protect delicate organs

What protection provides

Pivot points from joints allows for muscles to move us

What movement provides

Calcium production for us to survive in nature

What mineral storage provides

How much readily available

Nature does not care how strong our bones are rather…

Hematopoiesis

Blood cell formation that occurs in red bone marrow

Open reduction

Professional has to go in surgically to repair a bone displacement one via wires, bones, pins, or plates

Human professional

Who a reduction is performed by

wires, bolts, pins, or plates

Open reductions are repaired by

closed reduction

bones are set by hand from the outside

Greenstick

Often occurs in children and is a type of partial bone break that has a splintering effect

Simple

broken bone with no external wound

compound

broken bone with external wound at point of fracture

Synarthrosis

immoveable

Amphiarthrosis

slightly moveable

diarthrosis

freely moveable

Synarthrosis

Fibrous =

Amphiarthorsis

cartilaginous =

Diarthrosis

Synovial =

sutures, gomphosis, syndesmoses

Examples of synarthroses

costal cartilage, epiphysis plate, symphysis pubis, vertebral disks

Examples of Amphiarthroses

synovial joint

Example of Diarthroses

Fibrous

Fibrous tissue that grows between articulating surfaces

Cartilaginous

connected by cartilage that allows slight movement

Synovial

synovial membrane lining a joint cavity

phalanges and some carpals

Examples of Short bones

humerus, femur, fibula, tibia, radius, ulna, clavicle

examples of long bones

ribs, sternum, cranium, scapula, pelvis

examples of flat bones

verterbrae

example of irregular bone

Volkman’s Canal

Small cavity that tells what east osteon is doing

Importance of calcium

very tightly controlled, builds bone, and is critical for a second messenger system

dynamic tissue

Bone is a….

Axial and atlas

Where a pivot point can be found

Arm and hip

where hinge joints can be found

hip and shoulder

where ball and socket joints can be found

Thumb

where the saddle joint can be found

Vertebrae

where the gliding joint can be found

Atlas

Axis rotates around the…

higher limbs

what our pectoral girdle holds

lower limbs

what our pelvic girdle holds

Sprains, cartilage injury, dislocation, Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis

Types of joint problems

Sprains

ligaments stretched or strained and may heal slowly due to poor blood supply

Cartilage Injury

has no blood to heal itself and uses surgery to remove damaged cartilage

Dislocation

bones are forced out of their normal position which are usually accompanied by sprains, cartilage damage, and

inflammation

Osteoarthritis

degenerative joint disease that is most commonly noninflammatory disorder of

movable joints

stiffness, pain on movement, and limited joint motion

Synptoms of Osteoarthritis

weight bearing bone

Osteoarthitis is mostly seen in

Treatment for osteoarthritis

No cure, but pain and inflammation can be lessened

Characterization of Osteoartheritis

“wear and tear” deterioration

and atrophy of articular cartilage and formation

of new bone at the joint surfaces

Rheumatoid arthritis

chronic and systemic

inflammatory connective tissue disease

Characterization of Rheumatoid arthritis

inflammation of synovial membrane, destruction of cartilage, erosion of

bone, and progressive crippling and deformity

partly due to autoimmune

problems

What causes Rheumatoid arthritis