SOP-chapter 5

Intelligence

The global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, overcome obstacles, and adapt to a changing environment.

Cognition

A general term that stands for a series of processes by which the individual acquires and applies knowledge.

Cognitive Style

An individual way in which individuals organize and comprehend the world.

Nativist View

The view that all cognitive phenomena are inborn and unravel as a result of biological programming.

Psychometric Approach to Intelligence

A view based on the assumption that intelligence can receive a numerical value.

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to reason and use information independent of acquired knowledge.

Crystallized Intelligence

The knowledge and skills that are acquired through experience.

Multiple Intelligences

Gardner's theory that identifies nine distinct types of intelligence including linguistic, logical-mathematical, and interpersonal.

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Sternberg's theory that comprises analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

Low-Effort Syndrome

A low level of motivation on intelligence tests due to beliefs that the tests are biased.

Field-Dependent Style

A cognitive style that relies more on external visual cues and social orientation.

Field-Independent Style

A cognitive style that relies more on internal bodily cues and is less socially oriented.

Environmental Factors

Conditions that can influence performance on intelligence tests, including family climate and access to resources.

Cognitive Development

The process through which individuals acquire and apply knowledge.

Sternberg's Contextual Intelligence

Intelligence that depends on sociocultural context and experience.

Empirical Reasoning

Reasoning based on experience and cognitive operations from everyday activities.

Historical Context

How the time period in which one lives affects the development of intelligence.

Social Context

Socially appropriate knowledge that influences expression and development of intelligence.

Physical Context

External stimuli that may influence the expression of intelligence.

Intellectual Potential

The capacity of an individual to develop ability and intelligence.

Cognitive Performance

The execution of cognitive tasks, potentially influenced by various contextual factors.

Cultural Influences on Intelligence

How cultural factors affect the perception and development of intelligence.

Savants

Individuals with exceptional abilities in a specific area despite cognitive limitations.

Context-Dependent Intelligence

Intelligence abilities that are reliant on the context in which they are applied.

Socioeconomic Status Influence

The link between a child's IQ and the educational level and resources of their parents.

Cultural Bias in Testing

How certain test vocabulary and items may favor specific ethnic groups.

Chinese vs. American Counting Strategies

Study demonstrating that cultural practices affect mathematical problem-solving methods.

Cross-Cultural Similarities

Similar cognitive processes that may develop under different cultural norms.

Academic Success Correlation

The positive correlation between high IQ scores and success in academic and professional fields.

Technical Development Impact

The observed increase in intelligence test performance attributed to technological advancements.

Adaptability

The ability to adjust to new conditions as an aspect of intelligence.

Recognition and Categorization

Cognitive processes involved in identifying and organizing information.

Intelligent Behavior Variability

The idea that intelligent behavior may differ across cultures and contexts.

Intelligence Testing History

The evolution of tests designed to measure intelligence and their predictive validity for academic performance.