fzw human a&p final; sem 1

klem 22-23, human a&p study guide

planes of the body

coronal, sagittal, transverse

coronal plane

divides into anterior and posterior

sagittal plane

divides into left and right

transverse plane

divides into superior and inferior

cavities of the body

dorsal - cranial, spinal

ventral

• thoracic: pleural, pericardial

• abdominopelvic: abdominal, pelvic, retroperitoneal

dorsal

location - posterior of the body

organs in cavity - brain and spinal cord

cranial

location - skull

organs in cavity - brain

spinal

location - vertebral cavity

organs in cavity - spinal cord

ventral

location - chest/stomach area

organs in cavity - lungs, heart, reproductive organs, digestive organs

thoracic

location - chest area

organs in cavity - lungs

pleural

location - chest cavity

organs in cavity - heart, thoracic aorta, lungs, esophagus

lining name - pleura

pericardial

location - within the thoracic space

organs in cavity - heart

lining name - serous pericardium

abdominopelvic

location - below the thoracic cavity, above pelvis

organs in cavity - digestive organs

lining name - peritoneum

abdominal

location - stomach area

organs in cavity - digestive organs

pelvic

location - pelvis area, below the abdomen

organs in cavity - reproductive organs, urinary bladder

retroperitoneal

location - back of the abdomen

organs in cavity - pancreas, kidneys, uterus, digestive tract

abdomen table

what is the function of negative feedback

the response of the effector negates the stimulus body, brings body back to homeostasis

what are examples of positive feedback

blood clotting, sneezing, childbirth, lactation, digestion

anatomical terms

anatomical positions

list several characteristics of epithelial tissues

cellularity (cell junctions), polarity (apical and basal surfaces), attachment (basal lamina), avascularity (no blood vessels), regeneration

simple epithelium means

single layer of cells

stratified epithelium means

several layers of cells

pseudostratified epithelium means

a single layer that looks like many

simple squamous

locations - alveoli of lungs

function - reduce friction, absorption and secretion, diffusion

simple cuboidal

locations - kidney tubules

function - secretion and absorption

simple columnar

locations - lines stomach and intestines

function - secretion and absorption

pseudostratified columnar

locations - nasal cavity

function - protection, secretion (moves mucus)

stratified squamous (keratinized)

locations - skin

function - provides protection, waterproofing

stratified squamous (non-keratinized)

locations - mouth

function - protein

transitional

locations - urinary bladder

function - elasticity and recoil

areolar

locations - subcutaneous skin

function - holds blood vessels and capillary beds

adipose

locations - abdomen

function - stores fat

reticular

locations - covers spleen

function - support (strong/flexible)

dense regular

locations - tendons/ligaments

function - provides firm attachments

dense irregular

locations - covers kidneys

function - provides strength

hyaline cartilage

locations - sternum

function - stiff, flexible support

fibrocartilage

locations - between pubic bones

function - prevents bone on bone contact

elastic cartilage

locations - ear, epiglottis

function - support, bends easily

blood

locations - blood vessels

function - delivery system of nutrients

osseous (compact)

locations - bone

function - skeleton

spongy bone

locations - inside bones

function - lighter bone weight, red bone

skeletal muscle

locations -body muscles

function -movement

smooth muscle

locations - walls of hollow organs

function - involuntary movement

cardiac muscle

locations - heart

function - beats heart

nervous tissue

locations - brain/spinal cord

function - conducts electrical impulses

structure a

arrector pilli, makes hair stand on end

structure b

adipose tissue, insulation

structure c

eccrine sweat gland, secretes sweat

structure d

dermis, 2nd layer of tissue

structure e

papillary, supplies nutrients and regulates temperature

loose areolar connective tissue

location - beneath dermis

function - forms dermis

adipose tissue

location - abdomen

function - insulation

dense regular connective tissue

location - ligaments

function - binding tissue

hyaline cartilage

location - sternum

function - support

osseous tissue

location - bone

function - support

blood

location - viens/arteries

function - carries o2 and co2, nutrient wastes and other substances

epidermis

protection, waterproofing

papillary

supplies nutrients, regulates temperature

reticular

supports the skin

hypodermis

stores energy, connect dermis to muscles and bones, insulation

skin color is determined by what three factors?

pigments in skin, blood circulation through skin, thickness of stratum corneum

bones are strong because

of calcium

bones are flexible because of

collagen

condyles are

the round prominence at the end of a bone

epicondyles are

bony prominence/bump at the bottom of the humerus

structure 1

proximal epiphysis

structure 2

diaphysis

structure 3

medullary cavity, endosteum

structure 4

distal epiphysis

structure 5

articular cartilage

structure 6

spongey bone

structure 7

epiphesial line

structure 8

periosteum

structure 9

compact bone

structure 10

endosteum

structure 11

perforating collagenous fiber bundles

structure 12

nutrient arteries

cells that build bone matrix are

osteoblasts

cells that break down bone matrix

osteoclasts

frontal

articulations - n/a, forehead

important markings - coronal suture, supraorbital foramen

parietal

articulations - n/a, behind frontal bone

important markings - saggital suture

occipital

articulations - n/a, back of head

important markings - lambdoid suture

temporal

articulations - n/a, side of head

important markings:

• squamous suture

• external acoustic meatus

• mastoid process

• styloid process

• zygomatic process of temporal bone

ethmoid

articulations - n/a, within the eye socket

important markings - n/a

sphenoid

articulations - n/a, behind temporal and zygomatic

important markings - n/a

nasal

articulations - where the nose is

important markings - n/a

lacrimal

articulations - n/a, in front of ethmoid behind maxilla and nasal

important markings - n/a

zygomatic

articulations - n/a, connected to temporal

important markings - temporal process of the zygomatic bone

maxilla

articulations - n/a, above teeth

important markings - infraorbital foramen

mandible

articulations - n/a, aw

important markings:

• mental foramen

• mental protrubance

vomer

articulations - n/a, by sphenoid

important markings - n/a

palatine

articulations - n/a, top of mouth

important markings - n/a

inferior nasal conchae

articulations - n/a

important markings -n/a

hyoid

articulations - n/a

important markings - n/a

cervical vertebrae

articulations - n/a, atlas/axis (7)

important markings:

• articular processes

• vertebral arch

• vertebral body

• pedicle

• transverse proceses

• inferior articular facet

• transverse foramen

• lamina

thoracic vertebrae

articulations - 12

important markings:

• spinous process

• transverse process

• vertebral foramen

• transverse coastal facet

• superior coastal facet

• superior articular facet

• lamina

lumbar vertebrae

articulations - 5

important markings:

• lamina

• transverse process

• spinous process

• vertebral foramen

• pedicle

• superior articular facet

• superior articular process

• spinous process

sacrum

articulations - n/a, tailbone (big part)

important markings - sacral ridges