AP Psych-Unit 4 -Conditioning

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Learning

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by change or practice.

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Behaviorists

Believed psychology should be the scientific study of observable behaviors and that all learning occurs through interaction with the enviornment

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Classical Conditioning

Forming an association between two stimuli resulting in a learned response.

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Neutral Stimulus

Produce no effect until paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

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Unconditioned Stimulus

Naturally and automatically trigger an unconditioned response or reflex.

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Unconditioned Response

An unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus.

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Conditioned Stimulus

Previously neutral stimulus that, after associated with unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response.

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Conditioned Response

Learned response to the previously neutral stimulus(conditioned stimulus).

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Acquisition

First stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened.

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Higher-Order Conditioning(Second-Order)

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus.

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Extinction

Occurrences of a conditioned response decrease and disappear when no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

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Spontaneous Recovery

Return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period.

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Stimulus Generalization

Tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned.

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Stimulus Discrimination

Ability to differentiate between conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that haven't been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

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Taste Aversion

Avoidance of a certain food following a period of illness after consuming that food.

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Biological Preparedness

Some associations form more readily because they aid in survival.

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Law of Effect

Thorndike's principle that actions that follow desirable consequences are more likely to be repeated than those following undesirable outcomes.

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Operant Conditioning

Method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.

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Shaping

Reinforcers gradually guide an animal's actions toward a desired behavior.

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Chaining

Breaks tasks down into small steps and teaches those steps within the sequence itself.

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Reinforcing Stimulus

Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

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Positive Reinforcement

Adding something good to increase a behavior.

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Negative Reinforcement

Removing something bad to increase a behavior.

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Primary Reinforcement

Occurs naturally and doesn't require learning. Evolutionary basis: food, air, sleep, water, and sex.

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Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcers

Stimuli that have become rewarding by being paired with another reinforcing stimulus. Ex: money

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Token Reinforcer

Symbols or tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers. Ex: arcade tickets

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Punishment

Adverse event or outcome that causes a decrease in the behavior it follows.

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Positive Punishment

Adding something bad to decrease a behavior.

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Negative Punishment

Removing something good to decrease a behavior.

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Overjustification Effect

Being rewarded for doing something diminishes intrinsic motivation.

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Schedules of Reinforcement

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.

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Continuous Reinforcement

Desired behavior is reinforced each and every time it occurs.

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Partial Reinforcement

The response is reinforced only part of the time, less quick to learn, but sticks longer.

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Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Reinforced only after a specific number of responses.

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Variable-Ratio Schedule

Response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses.

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Fixed-Interval Schedule

First response is rewarded only after a specific amount of time has gone by.

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Variable-Interval Schedule

A response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed.

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Observational Learning

L:earning through watching others. "Monkey see, monkey do"

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Mirror Neurons

Nervous system cells that fire both when an organism itself is doing a behavior and also when observing another doing the behavior.

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Latent Learning

One can learn something right away but not show it right away.

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Insight Learning

A sudden realization of the problem's solution. "Light Bulb"

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The Premack Principle

A person will perform less desirable tasks in order to perform more desirable ones as a consequence.

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Learned Helplessness

A mental state in which an organism continues to experience a painful or unpleasant stimulus because it has learned that it has no ability to change the outcome.

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External Locus of Control

The perception that a chance or outside forces beyond our control determine out fate.

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Cognitive Learning

Learning mental information by observing events, watchign others, ir through language.

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Intrinsic Motivation

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake, for internal reward.

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