Sociology 101 Final Exam

Minority Group

group of people who are the same cultural umbrella who are frequently in situations of inequality to the dominant group

Race

Socially constructed label that describe a group of the same ancestry

Ethnicity

cultural values and norms that distinguish members of a group as superior or inferior to another

Racism

Deeming one racial group as inferior or superior to others

Prejudice

Holding ideas about a group that wont change even with evidence

Stereotyping

thinking of a group in inflexible categories

Discrimination

behavior that denies members of a group resources or rewards that other groups would get

Scape Goats

Individuals or groups who get blamed for wrong-doings they did not commit

Colorblind racism

Maintaining racist ideas without seeming racist

White Privilege

Unearned or unacknowledged assets or rewards white people benefit from

Overt Racism

Racism blatantly expressed through words, actions, and ideas

Microaggressions

Small slights or actions that negatively impact a minority group by well-meaning white people

Institutional Racism

The idea that racism is built into the structures of society rather than individuals

Apartheid

System of racial segregation made in South Africa

Assimilation

Accepting a minority into a majority group, and the minority take on the customs of the dominant group

Melting Pot

Ethnic differences combined to create new patterns of behavior

Pluralism

model for ethnic relations where all ethnic groups maintain their cultural identities but equally the same rights, power and citizenship

Multiculturalism

Ethnic groups exist separately but have the same policies and economy

Immigration

Moving people from one country to another

Emigration

Movement of people out of one country in order to settle another

Disapora

Dispersal of ethnic population from homeland to foreign areas, often forced

The Class Model

country encourages immigration but places restrictions to limit intake

The Colonial Model

Immigrants admitted temporarily but will never gain citizenship

Illegal Models of Immigration

Immigrants who enter secretly or under pretense of non-residential reasons

Health Inequality

Black people: 13% of population but 30% of Covid Deaths

• Minorities with the same conditions as white people still face harder experiences in healthcare

Residential Segregation

Racial difference in income alone are insufficient to explain much of observed pattern of black-white residential segregation

Genocide

Systematic planned destruction of racial, political, or cultural group

Ethnic Cleansing

Ethically homogenous territories thorough mass expulsion (forced removal) of ethnic population

Segregation

Keeping other racial and ethnic groups physically separate, maintaining a dominant group

E. Goffman

Studied Interaction and Microsociology

• Theory of Social Interaction

Impression Management

Preparing for presentation of someones social role

Why is Social Interaction Theory is important

• Daily routine structures what we do

• Reveals how humans have agency to shape reality

• Shape reality

• Sheds light on larger social systems

Social Interaction

How we act and react to those around us

Roles

Expected roles of people in a certain social position

Status

Social honor given to someone by others

Adopting Roles

Henslin and Biggs developed dramaturgical metaphor to describe phases or ‘scenes’ of a womans gynecologist visit

Audience Segregation

People keeping roles they do in one area separate from others

Civil inattention

Quickly looking at someone then looking away to indicate awareness of each other

Nonverbal Communication

Communication based on expression but not words

Paul Ekman and the Facial Action Coding System

FACS

Facial expressions of emotions are innate to humans, but use is dependent on culture

Encounter

Face to Face interaction between two or more people

Focused Interaction

Interaction when people are doing the same activity in direct conversation with each other

Conversation Analysis

Study of conversation drawn from ethnomethodology

Interactional Vandalism

deliberate subversion of conversational rules

Compulsion of Proximity

peoples need to interact with each other in the same spaces

Deviance

actions that don’t conform to social norms

Norms

Conduct to specify appropriate behavior in a range of social situations

Laws

Behavior established by a political group and backed by state power

Sanctions

Reward or punishment that reinforces socially accepted behavior

Crime

Actions that violate laws

Functionalist Theories

Durkheim - Deviace is necessary for society

• Anomie

• Modified Anomie

• Broken Windows theory

Anomie

Social norm loses hold over an individual

Modified Anomie

Strain on individuals behavior when norm conflicts with social reality

Unfocused Interaction

Interaction in the same setting but do not interact face to face

Response Cries

Involuntary exclamations of extreme emotion

• Screaming when scared

Time-Space

when and where an event occurs

Regionalization

Division of social life into different regional settings or zones

Back Region

Place where you don’t have to follow social norms

Front Regions

settings where people put on a ‘performance’ for others

• kind of like masking

E.T. Hall and Space

Personal Space

Zones of personal Space

• Intimate Distance

• Personal Distance

• Social Distance

• Public Distance

Ethnomethodology

Garfinkle - How people make sense of what others say and do in interactions

Broken Windows Theory

One sign of social disorder leaves room for serious crime

Community Policing

Accountability by the people in a community

People in a community doing the jobs that cops do

• town sheriff?

Shaming

Punishment based on rituals of public disapporval to maintain a connection between an offender and society

Family

People related by blood, marriage, or adoption to form an economic unit

Kinship

People related by blood or marriage

Marriage

Socially accepted recognition of a sexual relationship between 2 people

Nuclear Family

2 parents and multiple (adopted or genetic) kids

Extended Family

2 or more generations living in close proximity

Families of Orientation

Family youre born into

Family of Procreation

The family you marry into and make

Matrilocal

Living close to wifes parents

Patrilocal

Living close to husbands parents

Relative Deprivation

Deprivation a person feels when comparing themselves to another group

• A functionalist theory

Differential Associations

Criminal Behavior is learned and replicated by being around people who engage in crime regularly

• Symbolic Interactionist Theory

Labeling Theory

Coined by Becker

• People become deviant b/c certain labels are attached to their behavior by authorities and others

• Primary and Secondary Deviation

Primary Deviation

Action that caused others to label one as deviant

Secondary Deviation

Accepting a deviant label and acting accordingly (replication)

Conflict Theory

Deviance is chosen by the powerful and is political in nature to maintain the privileges of the powerful

• Analyze in the context of social structure and power

Control Theory

Views crime as the outcome of imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and controls that deter it

Monogamy

Partner is only allowed one spouse at a time

Polygamy

Partner allowed to have multiple spouses at the same time

Polygyny

Husband has multiple wives

Polyandry

Wife has multiple husbands

Personality Stabilization

Role family plays in assisting its adult members emotionally

Affective Indiviualism

Belief in romantic relationships as basis for marriage ties

Marriage Rates

MEDIAN IN 1947

MEN - 23.7

WOMEN - 20.5

MEDIAN IN 2022

MEN - 30.1

WOMEN - 28.2

Families in Different Ethnic Groups

Asian American - dependence on extended family

Native American - strong kinship

Latino - different national patterns, different familial patterns

African American - High nonmarital fertility, female-led households