APWH CH 25 - Industrialization and Imperialism

Mataram

controlled most of interior Java in the 17th century; weakness of the state after the 1670s allowed the Dutch to expand their control over all of Java.

sepoys

Indian troops, trained in European style, serving the French and British.

British Raj

the British political establishment in India.

Plassey (1757)

battle between the troops of the British East India Company and the Indian ruler of Bengal; British victory gave them control of northeast India.

presidencies

three districts that comprised the bulk of British-ruled territories in India during the early 19th century; capitals at Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay.

princely states

ruled by Indian princes allied with the Raj; agents of the East India Company were stationed at their courts to ensure loyalty.

nabobs

name given to British who went to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation; returned to Britain to live richly.

tropical dependencies

Western European possessions in Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large indigenous populations.

settlement colonies

colonies—such as South Africa, New Zealand, Algeria, Kenya, and Hawaii—where minority European populations lived among majority indigenous peoples.

white racial supremacy

belief in the inherent superiority of whites over the rest of humanity; peaked in the period before World War I.

Natal

British colony in southern Africa; developed after Boer trek north from Cape Colony; major commercial outpost at Durban.

Boer republics

independent states—the Orange Free State and Transvaal—established during the 1850s in the South African interior by Afrikaners.

Cecil Rhodes

British entrepreneur in South Africa; manipulated the political situation to gain entry to the diamonds and gold discovered in the Boer republics.

Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902)

fought between the British and Afrikaners; British victory and post-war policies left Africans under Afrikaner control.

Captain James Cook

his voyages to Hawaii from 1777 to 1779 opened the islands to the West.