An Introduction to Health Systems
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These flashcards encapsulate key concepts from the lecture notes on health systems, covering definitions, examples, and critical issues.
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33 Terms
Health System
The sum of organizations, institutions, and resources whose primary purpose is to improve health.
Main Goals of Health Systems
Good Health, Responsiveness to the expectations of the population, Fairness in financial contribution.
Four Main Functions of Health Systems
Provide health services, 2. Generate resources, 3. Finance health services, 4. Stewardship.
Primary Care
First-contact, ‘gatekeeper’ services in a health system.
Secondary Care
Includes general hospitals and specialized medical services.
Tertiary Care
Specialized hospitals providing advanced treatment.
Health System in Germany
Features universal insurance with 'sickness funds' that cover 90% of people.
Health System in the United Kingdom
Provides universal coverage under the National Health Service, funded by taxes.
Health System in the United States
A complex, fragmented mix of private and public coverage, with a portion of the population uninsured.
Human Resources Issues in Health Systems
Includes personnel shortages, 'brain drain,' and inadequate training or compensation.
Quality of Care Issues
Uneven safety, access, and patient outcomes caused by poor facilities and management.
Financing and Equity Issues
Limited funds and catastrophic out-of-pocket costs affecting poor populations.
Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Principles
Access to essential health services, quality services, and financial protection.
Measures to Achieve UHC
Raise revenue, improve efficiency, limit out-of-pocket costs, strengthen equity mechanisms.
Health System
The sum of organizations, institutions, and resources whose primary purpose is to improve health.
Main Goals of Health Systems
Good Health, Responsiveness to the expectations of the population, Fairness in financial contribution.
Four Main Functions of Health Systems
Provide health services, 2. Generate resources, 3. Finance health services, 4. Stewardship.
Stewardship (Health System Function)
The effective oversight and guidance of the health system by the government, including regulation, policy setting, and information gathering.
Primary Care
First-contact, ‘gatekeeper’ services in a health system.
Secondary Care
Includes general hospitals and specialized medical services.
Tertiary Care
Specialized hospitals providing advanced treatment.
Health System in Germany
Features universal insurance with 'sickness funds' that cover 90% of people.
Bismarck Model
Health insurance system based on employer/employee contributions to 'sickness funds', usually compulsory, with private providers.
Health System in the United Kingdom
Provides universal coverage under the National Health Service, funded by taxes.
Beveridge Model
Health system where the government owns and operates healthcare facilities, and acts as the single payer. Funded almost entirely by taxes.
Health System in the United States
A complex, fragmented mix of private and public coverage, with a portion of the population uninsured.
Out-of-Pocket Model
Health system primarily funded by direct payments from patients to providers, common in developing countries for those without insurance.
Human Resources Issues in Health Systems
Includes personnel shortages, 'brain drain,' and inadequate training or compensation.
Quality of Care Issues
Uneven safety, access, and patient outcomes caused by poor facilities and management.
Financing and Equity Issues
Limited funds and catastrophic out-of-pocket costs affecting poor populations.
Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Principles
Access to essential health services, quality services, and financial protection.
Measures to Achieve UHC
Raise revenue, improve efficiency, limit out-of-pocket costs, strengthen equity mechanisms.
Challenges to Achieving UHC
Includes inadequate funding, political instability, lack of skilled health workers, and weak governance.