AP Human Geography Unit 5

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All vocab based on Baron’s Review Book

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38 Terms

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Agriculture

The practice of cultivating soil, growing crops, and raising livestock for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain and enhance human life.

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Extensive agricultural

system that uses large areas of land with minimal labor input per unit area, often focusing on crops like grains and livestock, less technology and less outcome

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Intensive Agriculture

system that requires a high level of labor and input per unit area, focusing on maximizing crop yields and often utilizing advanced technology.

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Urban sprawl

The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural land, leading to a spread of low-density development.

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Fertile Cresent

A historical region in the Middle East known for its rich soils and early agricultural development, often considered the cradle of civilization.

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Domestication

the process of adapting wild plants and animals for human use, leading to agriculture and animal husbandry.

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Hunting and gathering

a way of life characterized by foraging for wild food sources and hunting animals, preceding the development of agriculture.

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Animal husbandry

The care and breeding of livestock for agricultural purposes, involving practices to improve productivity and health.

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Subsistence Agriculture

a type of farming in which crops are grown primarily for the consumption of the farmer and their family, rather than for sale or trade.

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Commerical agriculture

a type of farming in which crops are produced for sale in the market, focusing on maximizing yield and profit.

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Planned agricultural economies

systems where agricultural production is regulated and directed by government policies to meet the needs of the population.

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Slash-burn-agricultural(Shifting cultivation)

a method where land is cleared by cutting down vegetation and burning it to create fields for farming, often used in shifting cultivation. Extensive, Subsistence

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Pastoralism

a form of agriculture focused on raising livestock for subsistence or commercial purposes, often in pastoral communities. Extensive, subsistence

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Industrial Revolution

a period of significant industrial growth and technological advancement that transformed economies from agrarian to manufacturing-based, leading to urbanization and changes in labor practices.

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Mechanization

the process of using machinery to perform tasks traditionally done by hand in agriculture and other industries, significantly increasing production efficiency.

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Green Revolution

a series of research, development, and technology transfer initiatives that occurred between the 1940s and the late 1960s, significantly increasing agricultural production worldwide, particularly in developing countries.

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Specialty crops

a retail business model that focuses on a specific product category or niche market, offering a curated selection of items to a targeted customer base.

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GMOS

(Genetically Modified Organisms) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques to introduce desirable traits, such as increased resistance to pests or enhanced nutritional content.

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Agribusiness

the business sector encompassing farms, agronomy, and related industries that provide goods and services for agricultural production.

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Horizontal integration

a corporate strategy that involves acquiring or merging with competitors to increase market share and reduce competition.

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Vertical integration

is a business strategy that involves controlling multiple stages of production or distribution within the supply chain, from raw materials to final product.

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Commodity chain

a network of processes and operations involved in the production, processing, and distribution of a commodity from its origin to the consumer.

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Livestock ranching

the practice of raising animals for food, fiber, and other products, primarily in agricultural settings. Extensive Commerical. (Americas, South Africa, West Asia and Australia)

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Dairying

Intensive Commercial (North Europe and U.S.)

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Transhumarance

Extensive subisteince, sesaonl moving (Africa)

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Commerical Grain Farming

Extensive, Commerical ( Great Plains and South Russia)

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Tropical Plantations

Intensive Commerical, Sputh American Africa, Asia, caribeña

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Aquaculture

The cultivation of aquatic organisms in controlled environments for food production. Both Both. Mexico, Ecuador and Thailand. And canda. Started in Egypt and China

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Mixed crop and agriculture

A farming system that combines the growing of crops and raising of livestock, commonly used in the Midwest United States and other regions for diversified agricultural production. (Both and commercial)

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middterian agriculture

climate agriculture characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, suitable for growing grapevines, olives, and various fruits and vegetables. Intensive Commerical. California, west Europe

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Von Thünen Model

A model that explains agricultural land use around a central city based on transportation costs and distance. It illustrates the relationship between distance from market and the type of farming conducted in each zone.

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Food Security

The availability and access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life for all individuals. It encompasses both the physical availability of food and the financial resources to obtain it.

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Biotechnology

The use of scientific tools and techniques to modify living organisms or their components to produce desired traits. It includes genetic engineering and other advanced methods to enhance food production and quality.

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Pesticides

Chemicals used to kill or control pests that damage crops. They play a critical role in modern agriculture but can also have environmental and health impacts.

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Topisoil loss

refers to the erosion or depletion of the top layer of soil, which is vital for crop growth. This loss negatively affects agricultural productivity and can lead to reduced food security.

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Salinazation

is the process by which water-soluble salts accumulate in soil, often as a result of irrigation practices. This can lead to decreased agricultural productivity due to toxicity and reduced water availability for crops.

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Desertification

is the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or improper agricultural practices. This phenomenon severely impacts agricultural productivity and can threaten food security.

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Organic agriculture

is a farming system that aims to produce food without the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, or genetically modified organisms. It emphasizes biodiversity, soil health, and ecological balance.