APWH Semester 1 Review

Buddhism

Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, emphasizes enlightenment.

Siddhartha Gautama

Buddha, rejected wealth for spiritual enlightenment.

Four Noble Truths

Core tenets of Buddhism addressing suffering and desire.

Theravada Buddhism

Focus on meditation and renunciation of self.

Mahayana Buddhism

Emphasizes rituals and spiritual comfort, broader appeal.

Caste System

Social hierarchy rejected by Buddhism, appealing to lower classes.

Christianity

Religion based on teachings of Jesus of Nazareth.

Jesus of Nazareth

Claimed Messiah, crucified, believed to resurrect.

Bible

Sacred scripture of Christianity, teachings of Jesus.

Confucianism

Philosophy focusing on social and political order.

Confucius

Founder of Confucianism, educator and political advisor.

Spread of Buddhism

Expanded through trade routes into Asia.

Official Religion of Roman Empire

Christianity's status leading to widespread cultural impact.

Hinduism

Belief system centered on Brahma's manifestations.

Brahma

Supreme force in Hinduism, creator of everything.

Dharma

Rules and obligations of one's caste in Hinduism.

Vedas

Sacred texts guiding Hindu beliefs and practices.

Islam

Monotheistic religion founded on Muhammad's teachings.

Qur'an

Islamic holy book containing Allah's revelations.

Five Pillars of Islam

Core practices for Muslims: faith, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage.

Shia

One of two major Islamic sects, differing on leadership.

Sunni

The other major Islamic sect, accepting first caliphs.

Judaism

Monotheistic faith with a unique covenant with God.

Torah

Hebrew Bible containing laws and teachings of Judaism.

Abbasid Dynasty

Islamic empire known for its Golden Age (750-1258 CE).

Baghdad

Capital of Abbasid Dynasty, center for arts and sciences.

House of Wisdom

Library in Baghdad, hub for knowledge and scholarship.

Feudalism

Social hierarchy system in medieval Europe based on land.

King

Top ruler in feudal system with kingdom-wide power.

Nobles

Landowners with power over sections of the kingdom.

Vassals

Lesser lords managing land granted by nobles.

Chivalry

Code of conduct promoting respect among feudal lords.

Mamluks

Egyptian group that defeated Mongols, preserving Islam.

Peasants

Worked the land with few rights.

Serfs

Bound to the manor, lacked freedoms.

Middle Class

Emergence of craftsmen and merchants.

Magna Carta

Document limiting King John's power in England.

Hundred Years' War

Conflict unifying France against England (1337-1453).

Spanish Inquisition

Forced conversion to Christianity in united Spain.

Ivan III

Russian prince who expanded power in 1400s.

Ivan the Terrible

Ruthless czar using secret police in 1500s.

Song Dynasty

Chinese dynasty (960-1279) emphasizing Confucianism.

Foot Binding

Chinese practice to keep women's feet small.

Neo-Confucianism

Blend of Confucianism and Buddhist ideas.

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty (1368-1644) after Mongol rule.

Feudal Japan

Social hierarchy established in 1192.

Shogun

Chief general in feudal Japan.

Daimyo

Powerful landowner in Japan.

Code of Bushido

Samurai code emphasizing loyalty and honor.

Lesser Samurai

Vassals serving the daimyo in Japan.

Peasants

Lower social class with limited rights and status.

Artisans

Skilled workers creating goods and crafts.

Delhi Sultanate

Islamic kingdom established in Northern India.

Islamic Monotheism

Belief in one God, contrasting Hindu polytheism.

Rajput Kingdoms

Hindu principalities resisting Muslim invasions from 1191.

Khmer Empire

Hindu empire in Southeast Asia, 9th-15th century.

Angkor Wat

Famous temple built by Khmer Empire.

Hausa Kingdoms

Series of kingdoms along the Niger River.

Golden Horde

Mongol group that conquered modern-day Russia.

Mansa Musa

Malian ruler who expanded the kingdom and built Timbuktu.

Song Dynasty

Chinese dynasty known for merit-based bureaucracy.

Daimyo

Powerful samurai owning large land parcels.

Bushido

Code of conduct for samurai emphasizing loyalty.

Rajput Kingdoms

Hindu principalities resisting Muslim forces in India.

Angor Wat

Temple built during Khmer Empire in Cambodia.

Mansa Musa

Malian ruler known for wealth and pilgrimage.

Inca Empire

Civilization in Peru known for extensive bureaucracy.

Cuzco

Capital of the Inca Empire, 300,000 population.

Scholasticism

Growth of education and universities in the Middle Ages.

Crusades

Military campaigns by Christians against non-Christians.

Urbanization

Growth of cities around trade routes.

Genghis Khan

Unified Mongol tribes and expanded their territory.

Mongol Empire

Spanned from Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe.

Kublai Khan

Genghis Khan's successor who ruled China.

Mali

West African kingdom rich in gold.

Cultural Diffusion

Spread of cultural beliefs and practices through trade.

Silk Road

Major trade route connecting East and West.

Islamic Empire

Expanded into North Africa, enhancing trade and culture.

Aztecs

Civilization known for trade and human sacrifice.

Tenochtitlan

Capital city of Aztec Empire, modern Mexico City.

Machu Picchu

Inca architectural site in the Andes Mountains.

Pope Innocent III

Pope known for strict church decrees and heresy persecution.

Sonni Ali

Songhai ruler who expanded territory in 15th century.

Trade Networks

Global routes facilitating commerce and cultural exchange.

Cultural diffusion

Spread of ideas, religions, and languages through trade.

Bubonic Plague

14th-century disease from Asia, killed 1/3 of population.

Indian Ocean Trade

Trade network dominated by Persians and Arabs.

Great Zimbabwe

African trading empire from 11th to 15th centuries.

Cultural intermixing

Sailors marrying local women, creating diverse communities.

Silk

Luxury fabric traded along the Silk Road.

Porcelain

Fine ceramic material exported from China.

Expansion of Religion

Spread of faith through trade and missionary efforts.

Natural spread of religion

Religion spread through cultural contact and trade.

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant known for travels to China.

Ibn Battuta

Islamic traveler who explored the Islamic world.

Margery Kempe

English Christian known for her pilgrimages.

Johannes Gutenberg

Inventor of the printing press in mid-1400s.

Protestant Reformation

Movement challenging Catholic Church's authority.

Indulgences

Payments to reduce purgatory time in Catholicism.

Martin Luther

German monk who criticized Catholic Church practices.