Official SWP 132 EXAMMMM REVIEW

The process of differential and negative treatment of those who are non-white and Indigenous.

What is racialization?

1. centre of the model is the experience with the racial microaggression.
2. second layer/Second ring is institutional racism, which provides the structural blueprint of how racism operates institutionally to maintain everyday racism.
3. final layer/ring in the model, the macroaggression, surrounds both institutional racism and the racial microaggression. The macroaggression provides the ideological beginnings for the reproduction and perpetuation of institutional and everyday racism - white supremacy

Racial Microagressions model

The method/ideology of teaching in theory and practice, for example the Liberation Pedagogy in the Pan-African/Black Intellectual Tradition, offers a theoretical lens for the analysis and interpretation of this movement and struggle for freedom.

pedagogy

Structural worldview assumes human behavior is shaped by the collective forces of history and the social/political/economic structures that make up the society. Its assumptions include:
-Institution is structural entity functioning to reinforce traditional power relationships
-Conflict means to groth and therefore desirable
Privilege = invisible and therefore those who experience a form of oppression should be given more weith than those receiving benefits from form of oppression
-All institutions and individuals in discriminatory society reflect that discrimination

Structural Worldview

1. To prepare graduates for critically engaged social work practice with marginalized populations
2. Develop leadership and innovation in social work education at the undergraduate level

Ryerson Social Work Mission (2 points)

- Supporting Indigenous sovereignty & struggle- Standing with marginalized communities, affirming all rights/dignity
-Addressing the roots of oppression & acknowledging intersectionality
-Student-centred & focus on critical reflexivity
-Addressing microaggressions

Summarize the main core values of the Ryerson School of Social Work mission statement

Mezzo - institutional racismMacro - White supremacy (macroaggression)

Racial microaggressions operate at the micro level. What systems of oppression operate at the mezzo and macro level?

A cultural process that positions those who are white in terms of skin colour in a place of power and privilege

Whiteness

An ideology based upon the belief that white people are superior in many ways to people of other races, therefore white people should have dominance over other races

White Supremacy

Refers to political and/or socioeconomic system where white people enjoy a structural advantage/privilege over other ethnic groups on both collective and individual levels

White supremacy in Academia

1. A belief of biological superiority of white people
2. Neither should it be looked at only from extreme hate groups such as KKK or ALt-Right movements
3. It is not just a global phenomenon but a personal and political one as well
WHITE SUPERMACY IS A COMBINATION OF ALL 3 ^^^

White Supremacy is not Just...

1. Race is made into binary understandings of black and white
2. The Marxist analysis of racial inequality (political economy viewpoint)
3. Race as a social construction emerged in modernist era due to European colonization

3 Interpretations of White Supremacy

1. Work of W.E.B Dubois and other US scholars
2. Work of Critical legal theorists, feminist theorists and Black theorists
3. Development of empirical research

3 Waves to the Study of Whiteness

1. The Settlement House
2. The Charity Organization Society (COS)

What did Social work start out as?

- focus mainly on helping individuals
- uses scientific logic & casework to help the poor become self sufficient.

Describe the Charitable Organization Society (COS).

- focus mainly on fixing society
- workers live in poor neighbourhoods and bring change through education, clubs for youth, & other social activities.

Describe the Settlement House Movement.

-First introduced by the term offensive mechanisms later in 1970 called microaggressions by Dr. Chester Pierce
-Microaggressions are the layered, cumulative and often subtle and unconscious forms of racism that target People of Color.
-IMPORTANT-->They are the everyday reflections of larger racist structures and ideological beliefs that impact People of Color's lives.

Microaggression

systemic everyday racism used to keep those at the racial margins in their place

racial microaggressions

1. Verbal and non verbal assaults toward people of colour often carried out in subtle, automatic or unconscious form
2. Layered assaults based on race and its intersections
3. Cumulative assaults that take a psychological, physiological and academic toll on people of colour

Features of Racial Microaggression

Popularization of the internet & social media

What is "fourth wave" feminism characterized by?

1. Centrality and intersectionality of race and racism
2. Challenge to dominant ideologies and deficit perspectives
3. Centrality of experiential knowledge
4. Interdisciplinary
5. Explicit commitment to social justice

5 Tenants of CRT

the process of treading down and/or holding back a GROUP of people, simply because they are members of that group.

Oppression

is not putting people or their ideas down, nor being purposely negative or finding its faults. It is questioning everything and never accepting anything at face value. It involves questioning out beliefs, attitudes, and responsibilities
Thinking critical in practice helps us to identify ways that oppression is occurring and shaping our practice and how it gives clues about how to intervene anti-oppressively.

critical thinking

beliefs about way things can be understood

-Shapes the things we believe, the questions we ask, and the help we offer, both having roots in ancient Greek philosophy and the European enlightenment and formed the dead white-man theory historical figure whose achievements may be overrated or overstated as a result of them occupying a powerful or privileged social location

Epistemology

beliefs about nature of world and realities

-Shapes the things we believe, the questions we ask, and the help we offer, both having roots in ancient Greek philosophy and the European enlightenment and formed the dead white-man theory historical figure whose achievements may be overrated or overstated as a result of them occupying a powerful or privileged social location

ontology

an aspect of identity, race, gender, age, or class that situates one in specific location in relation to society and the social order

Social location

is the extermination of a people or their way of being, often known as another term for genocide

things oppression does: Annihilation

is annihilation by other means it is a process of being absorbed something so that ones own distinctness is loss

things oppression does: Assimilation

is the process of pushing people and groups to the edges of society where they are derided the opportunities and resources that those in the centre keep for themselves also sometimes referred to as social exclusion

things oppression does: Marginalization

is the process of gaining resources and advantages by treating someone unfairly

things oppression does: exploitation

is related to exploitation and its taking someones belongings to someone else and using it for ones own sake

things oppression does: Appropriation

fear or hatred for the other. it comes from the Greek words "xeno" (stranger) and phobia (fear) thus it is fear of a stranger

xenophobia

- Fighting for suffrage
- Fighting against sexism but reinforcing racism

first wave feminism

developed social casework which enhanced the cred of the social work profession because of its foundation in the scientific method

Mary Richmond

developed for the poorer, housing, gardens, and playgrounds for children.

Octavia Hill

created Hull house the first settlement house for immigrants and worked at the structural level to motivator change

Jane Adams

helped to found several organizations that focuses on issues that impacted women

Adeline hoodless

The surveillance & pathologization of Indigenous peoples including:- "Indian Welfare"- residential schools- 60s scoop & ongoing removal of Indigenous children from their families

What was social work's role in colonization & assimilation as outlined by the Truth & Reconciliation Commission?

- Emergence due to an increase of women in the labour force because of WWII
- "women's liberation" & "the personal is political" (women's personal struggles/lives were decided by politics)

What was "second wave" feminism characterized by?

- expanding to focus on other forms of oppression too (race, sexuality, class...)
- Combahee River Collective (prominent Black women group)
- "womanism" (term to include racial minorities)
- "intersectionality"

Third wave feminism

Settler colonial states & settlers refuse to acknowledge that they're on stolen land, the history of Indigenous resistance, & ongoing colonization, they think they "discovered it".

Why is settler colonialism considered a form of erasure?

-A form of colonization in which outsiders come to land inhabited by Indigenous peoples and claim it as their new home (when the colonizers come, conquer, and plan to stay forever,)

Settler colonialism

settlers need to walk into problem solving conversations about decolonization accepting that they are guests on indigenous lands not landlords and must recognize we have no right in determining their way of life

undoing settler colonialism:

no exact steps that must be taken however we should not confine decolonization to a metaphor, opt out of responsibility based on ones own marginity, opt out of the responsibility by trying to become indigenous, and get over guilt and get into action (pg 187)

Decolonization:

means opposing racism, although people have opposed racism ever since its existed, the term self-sufficient. It was founded in Britain in 1869 and expanded to European, Australia, and North America.

Anti-racism:

-the way institutions organizations, governments, cultures, and so hold together order within a society-a social system.
-The concept is similar to computer operating systems, its the way society works.
- social order also refers to the way people tend to co-operate with the operating system

social order

grows out of the social order which is a system where most people live and work on property that is owned by lords

Social order: feudalism

most people work producing things in factories, businesses or some other setting owned by a corporation

Social order:CAPITALISM

= wealth creating mechanisms are democratically owned and controlled by the people

Social order: SOCIALISM

=claim the poor is lazy and do not want to work :((

How social order produces poverty: INDIVIDUAL THEORIES OF POVERTY

= is another form of socialism that produces a classless society with no private property

Social order: COMMUNISM

- exists among the poor that creates defeatist attitudes that prevent people from getting ahead

How social order produces poverty: CULTURE OF POVERTY

poverty is the result of systemic inequalities

How social order produces poverty: SYSTEMIC THEORIES OF POVERTY

-Global South-- poorer nations that are mostly in the southern hemisphere
-Global North-- richer nations that are mostly in the northern hemisphere

What is the Global South and the Global North?

further converted into a range of material benefits and relational benefits...They have power because if their capacity to symbolize and signal social hierarchy. Capital operates in overlapping fields (geographical region such as a city or it can be a discipline/job)

SYMBOLIC CAPITAL

shapes power because it is the way we internalize what various capitals symbolize and mean

HABITUS capital

-does not specifically tell social workers what to do but as workers we must be aware of the context because the influence of an array of shifting interwoven social variables can cause what anti-oppression one moment to be oppressive the next.
-Although anti-oppression is never the primary focus it needs to always be the focus that shape the primary thing we do.

Anti-oppressive practice

Anti-oppression is an umbrella term that anti-racist nests under

What is the relationship between anti-oppression and anti-racism?

also connects to critical thinking, it evolves engaging in critical thinking in relation to oneself to our relationship to those we serve, to the knowledge systems are using to make sense of issues and to our own feelings thoughts actions and motivations

Critical reflective work

As BCRT engages with decolonizing racism's touch in the academy, it goes past white melancholic attachments to racism to recognize relational possibilities and continuing white privilege.

Tate: BCRT knowledge framework

1) Racism is ordinary
2) Everyday racism defines race, interprets it, & decrees what the personal & institutional work of race will be
3) Focus on biographical/experiential accounts of race & racism

What are the 3 tenets of BCRT?

Proximity does not guarantee relation as we see in multicultural societies such as the UK because 'racism orders some of the most intimate practices of everyday life, in that racist practice is foundational to making race matter'.

Conditions for Black academics in the UK

Seeks to acknowledge person in their physical environment- PRO: recognizes that an eco crisis is a social crisis- CON: excludes Indigenous people; doesn't acknowledge colonization; focuses only on humans not on other lifeforms (plants, animals)

Describe the eco-social approach to environmental social work. What are its pros and cons?

Post-race society-- belief that race doesn't matter & racism doesn't exist

What emerging concept/idea poses challenges to Black scholars within academia?

Refusal of touch and actual touch can carry contempt & disgust

What concept does Tate communicate around touch and effect?

Assumes an interdependence & relatedess of all life- PRO: allows for Indigenous voice- CON: misuses "Indigenize"; allows settlers to have innocence in relationship to the land

Describe the eco-spiritual approach to environmental social work. What are its pros and cons?

Focuses on how development harms marginalized people- PRO: acknowledges Indigenous leadership- CON: doesn't acknowledge ongoing settler colonialism

Describe the environmental justice approach to environmental social work. What are its pros and cons?

-Originally, black people in America were indentured servants, similar to other poor Europeans, who were made to work toward their freedom
-Elite whites (on behalf of the queen of England) co-opted the poor whites (like the Irish) with the prospect of land, to turn against the black servants, and aid in keeping them as slaves

According to Yee the white supremacy article talks about black servants and poor europeans in what context?

The idea that minimal government inter-
vention and a free market produce an efficient and fair
society.

Neo-liberalism

- all members of the human family share the same inalienable rights- culture is irrelevant to the validity of moral rights & rules
- The universalist/deontologist school of ethics stresses the overriding importance of fixed moral rules, arguing that an action is inherently right or wrong and therefore ethical rules are universal.

Healy: What is the universalist view of ethics? (opposite of relativism)

- Cultural relativist argue that culture is the sole source of validity of moral rights and rules there are no common standards just culturally specifically ones.
-The 1994 ISFW Code of Ethics identified a middle ground with the belief that universal rights/values can coexist with the importance and relevance of culture, by stating that the first purpose of the IFSW Declaration of Ethical Principles is to formulate a set of basic principles for social work, which can be adapted to cultural & social settings.

healy: cultural relativism? (opposite of universalism)

SW ethics are about social justice and human rights; doing what's morally good and right

Healy: ethical decision making in social work?

Individual rights vs. cultural sovereignty

What is the main struggle in human rights discourse?

"Nobody's land"; a principle used to justify colonization

What is terra nullius?

examining microaggressions from this perspective means that we engage an interdisciplinary analysis that centres the lived experiences of people of colour to understand how everyday racism and other forms of oppression intersect to mediate life experiences and outcomes

Humber: critical race theory

has negative psychological and physiological effects of microaggression

Humber: effects of microaggressions

can be understood as a formal or informal structural mechanism such as policies and processes that systematicity marginalize and exclude non-dominant groups and mediates their experiences with rational microaggressions

Humber: institutional racism

-responses can vary, according to the type and context of the microaggression, as well as the effect it had on the individual.
-Moreover, one's response can be influenced by the effect, and vice versa.

Humber: responses to microagression

Formal or informal structural mechanisms that systematically subordinate, marginalize, & exclude non-dominant groups

What is institutional racism?

Trauma, humiliation, self-doubt, depression, anxiety

What are some examples of the psychological impacts of microaggressions?

High blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, increased morbidity

What are some examples of the physiological impacts of microaggressions?

Spaces where racialized people develop strategies for healing, empowerment, & building a sense of community; a response to racial microaggressions

What are counter spaces?

The set of beliefs and ideologies that justify social arrangements that subordinate non-dominant groups. E.g. White supremacy

What is macroaggression?

-Mundane extreme environmental stress
-Racial battle fatigue
-Racial trauma

What are 3 terms sometimes used to describe the impacts of racial microaggressions?

1. collective responses to the racial microaggressions perpetrated by police enforcement: Community-based organizations were created that conducted 'know your rights' trainings and other public education campaigns, as well as 'copwatch' programs to document police misconduct in their neighborhoods.
2. Floy case: plaintiffs challenged New York City's stop and frisk policy by filing a class-action lawsuit on behalf of the countless People of Color targeted by these racial microaggressions. This response to the microaggressions perpetrated by NYPD proved to be transformational.

Examples of responses to microagression:

work with individuals, families, & small groups ("clinical")

Concepts of the profession of social work: Direct social work service

work with communities, politics, policy, or social development

Concepts of the profession of social work: Indirect social work service

Making practice decisions based on scientifically-proven methods

Concepts of the profession of social work: Evidence based practice

Not only showing understanding & empathy towards suffering but identifying with it and taking a stand with sufferers

Concepts of the profession of social work: Solidarity

Ensuring that everyone has the same access to valued resources + entitlements

Concepts of the profession of social work: Social Inclusion

A process of increasing personal, interpersonal, or political power so that individuals, families & communities can take action to improve their situation

Concepts of the profession of social work: Empowerment

Ideas about the best way to help based on research and social science

What are social work theories?

Egalitarianism & humanitarianism

What key terms did the 2005 Code of Ethics remove?

views social crises as individual crises- exaggerates individual agency- overemphasizes self-direction in finding solutions for the present situation (e.g. solution-focused brief therapy)

Describe individualization

places blame for circumstances on an individual's lack of virtues- focuses on fixing moral character instead of structural change

Describe virtue ethics.

moral obligation to contribute and work to attain the "good life" vs. the good society- advocates striving towards "self-improvement"- emphasizes amoral familism (short-term strategy of maxing. the material interests of yourself & family)

Describe active citizenship.

focuses on self-interest (what traits would make the social worker a good person) vs. what is right- does not challenge the status quo or emphasize transformation

What are Bonnycastle's biggest criticisms of the updates 2005 Code of Ethics?

1) Respect for the inherent dignity & worth of persons2) Pursuit of social justice3) Service to humanity4) Integrity5) Confidentiality6) Competence

What are the 6 main values of the Canadian Social Work Code of Ethics?

- emphasizes learning skills
- act using a value system based on respect & dignity
- informed by current human development knowledge & interventions known to be effective

What is the professional (function) perspective towards social work education?

- emphasizes understanding contexts
- focus on understanding structural factors contributing to oppression
- trained in advocacy skills & working from a critical perspective

What is the progressive (cause) perspective towards social work education?