AP Bio A Tour of the Cell

Membrane

________ makes contract and then water squeezes water out.

Chromosomes

________ only form when a cell divide.

Assemble

________ when a protein is being formed.

vesicle

A(n) ________ that buds from the ER can add it's membrane and the contents of it's lumen to the Cis Face by fusing with a Golgi membrane.

lumen (cisternal space)

the internal compartment of the ER

Cristae

folds in the inner membrane which increase the surface area of the mitochondria → creates more space for chemical reactions

Matrix

gel-like substance

Inner membrane space

small lumen (inside space of tubular structure) between the outer and the inner mitochondrial membranes

ATP

the energy source of a cell through a series of steps that require oxygen

Made up of 3 compartments

the intermembrane space, stroma, and the thylakoid space

organelles

membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell

cytosol

a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found

eukaryotic cell

Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

prokaryotic cell

Cell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles

nucleoid region

a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found

cytoplasm

the region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles

plasma membrane

The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell

nucleus

chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell

nuclear envelope

encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm

chromosomes

tightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division)

chromatin

loosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA

nucleolus

located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes

ribosomes

made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins

endomembrane system

membranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope

smooth ER

portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels

rough ER

portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins

transport vesicles

vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another

Golgi apparatus

stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

lysosome

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials

phagocytosis

the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle

contractile vacuoles

pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell

central vacuole

the largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells

mitochondria

chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration

chloroplasts

contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis

plastids

manufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell such as pigments, oils, and starches

cytoskeleton

a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm

microtubules

hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell

centrosome

a region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division

centrioles

cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division

flagella

a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement

cilia

a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion

microfilaments

the thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts

pseudopodia

cellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface

cytoplasmic streaming

the circular flow of cytoplasm within cells

intermediate filaments

diverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments

cell wall

extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake

extracellular matrix

where animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides

collagen

most common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells

plasmodesmata

channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants

tight junctions

intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins

desmosomes

intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets

gap junctions

intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants