Basic Chemistry Principles for Forensic Science

Vocabulary flashcards covering fundamental chemistry principles, laboratory functions, accreditation standards, and ethics in forensic science based on the lecture notes by Ma. Lalaine B. Serrano.

Locard's Exchange Principle

A foundational forensic principle stating that when two objects come into contact, there is an exchange of materials between them.

Individuality

The principle that each piece of evidence possesses unique characteristics distinguishing it from all other items.

Comparison

The process in forensic analysis of evaluating evidence from a crime scene alongside known samples to identify shared characteristics.

Progressive Change

The degradation of evidence over time caused by factors such as temperature, humidity, and exposure to light.

Analysis

The core function of forensic chemistry involving extraction, separation, and identification techniques to analyze evidence and determine its properties.

Probability

A mathematical assessment used in forensic science to evaluate the likelihood of specific events occurring, such as a random DNA match.

Circumstantial Facts

Indirect evidence used to support a conclusion, such as recovering a weapon at a suspect's home that matches the type used in a crime.

Linkage

The connection established by forensic analysis between crime scene evidence and the specific individuals involved in the crime.

Accreditation

Independent verification demonstrating that a laboratory meets specific quality standards and operates with technical competence and integrity.

Certification

A credential in forensic science that specifically applies to individual examiners, as opposed to accreditation which applies to the laboratory.

ISO/IEC 17025

The global benchmark and international standard specifying general requirements for the competence, quality, and reliability of testing and calibration laboratories.

ISO

International Organization for Standardization.

IEC

International Electrotechnical Commission.

ASCLD/LAB

American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors/Laboratory Accreditation Board; a non-profit forensic accrediting body that merged with ANAB in 2016.

ANAB

ANSI-ASQ National Accreditation Board; an internationally recognized accreditation body serving various fields including forensic science.

Fred Zain Scandal

A notable forensic case where a scientist fabricated evidence and testimony, highlighting the severe consequences of unethical practices in forensic science.