Chapter 42 - Circulation and Gas Exchange

hemolymph

insect circulatory fluid that is a mixture of blood and intestinal fluid (not seperate)

blood vessels

tube set where the blood flows sepearte from other fluid.

blood pressure

the pressure that the fluid exerts on the vessel walls that causes the blood to move when the heart pumps.

open circulatory system

system of insects and arthropods where the organs are directly bathed in hemolymph and there is no seperate fluid.

sinuses

spaces around organs in an open circulatory system.

close circulatory system

when the blood is seperate from the digestive juice, confined to vessels. more efficient and can power bigger organisms.

cardiovascular system

a closed system with a 2 or 4 chambered heart

atria

chamberes receiving returning blood (1 or 2)

ventricles

chambers that pump blood out of heart (1 or 2)

arteries

carry blood away from heart to the organs.

arterioles

where the artery branches into smaller arteries that go into the organs and form a net.

capillaries

very small vessels that form beds or networks for chemical and gas exchange with thin walls to the enclosed organs.

venules

small veins the come from the cappilary bed.

veins

where the blood traveles back to the heart.

hepatic vein

vein from the liver to the heart.

gill circulation

blood goes to the gills that gathers O2 and leavs CO2 and then travells into the systemic circulation (Fish)

systemic circulation

goes from the gills to the other parts of the body, carrying O2

Pulmoaotaneous circuit

in amphibians that leads to capillaries in gas exchange organs. picks up O2 and releases CO2 and then goes to the systemic circuit.

double circulation

two different circlations that are used to gather O2 and then travel to the rest of the body.

pulmonary circuit

using lungs to gather O2 and then going to the systemic circuit.

Right Chamber (Mammal heart)

used to pump and receive O2 poor blood

Left Chamber (Mammal Heart)

pumps and receives O2 rich blood.

cardiac cycle

the heart contracting and relaxing cycle.

systole

the contraction of the heart to pump blood.

diastole

the relaxation or the filling of the heart after a systole.

cardiac output

volume of blood pumped per minute into systemic circulation

heart rate (pulse)

beats per minute

stroke volume

blood pumped by left ventricle each contraction (mix of cardiac output and heart rate)

atrioventricular (AV) valve

keeps the direction of the flow in the heart

semilunar valves

exist where aorta leave left ventricle

pulmonary artery

leaves right ventricle

heart murmer

defect in valve (leakage of blood)

sinoatrial (SA) node

part of heart that sets rate/time of contracting cells.

pacemaker

sinoatrial (SA) node
sets rate/time of contractions

myogenic heart

heart with pacemaker INSIDE.

neurogenic heart

heart with pacemaker outside, like in arthropods.

Atrioventricular (AV) node

delays contraction signal so that the first chamber can empty.

electrocardigram (ECG/EKG)

detects currents of impulses (machine)

endothelium

layers of flat cells that provide minimum resistance to blood flow. line the lumen of veins and arteries.

systolic pressure

highest pressure after a systol or a heart pump.

pulmonary artery

leaves right ventricle

heart murmer

defect in valve (leakage of blood)

sinoatrial (SA) node

part of heart that sets rate/time of contracting cells.

pacemaker

sinoatrial (SA) node
sets rate/time of contractions

myogenic heart

heart with pacemaker INSIDE.

diastolic pressure

pressure after a diastole or the relaxation of the heart. time of least pressure.

precapillary sphincters

control the travel of the blood through the capillaries into the capillary bed. can contract and stop flow. (smooth muscle also controls)

lymphatic system

returns the fluid (lymph) to the body from capillary beds.

blood

connective tissue

plasma

water and solutes in the blood (other stuff suspended in this)

electrolytes

ions in the plasma

erythrocytes

red blood cells that carry oxygen via. hemoglobin . help with CO2 transport as well.

leukocytes

white blood cells that act as the immune system or bodily defense.

platelets

act in blood clotting

erythropoietin (EPO)

hormone secreted by the kidney that stimulates red blood cell production when O2 levels are down.

fibrinogen

inactive clotting sealent

fibrin

activated protein sealent

thrumbus

clot blocking blood flow that causes heart problems.

cardiovascular disease

disorders of the heart/blood vessels

atherosclerosis

buildup of cholesterol in arteries

hypertension

high blood pressure

lipoproteins

forms of cholesterol that cause problems. low density are bad and high density are good.

ventilation

increasing flow of fluid (blood) over surface where the fluid will absorb oxygen.

tracheal system

in insects where tiny branching tubes penetrate the whole body and O2 goes directly to the cells.

larynx

upper respatory tract

glottis

opening of windpipe.

bronchi

2 tubes after the trachea that lead to each lung.

bronchioles

finer tubes that branch into the lungs.

alveoli

air sacs at the end of bronchioles that exchane air with blood.

positive pressure breathing

breathing of amphibians that forces air down the trachea.

negative pressure breathing

pulls air into the lungs.

diaphragm

skeletal muscle forming the bottom of the chest cavity

tidal volme

volume in each breath

vital capacity

maximal tidal volume

residual volume

whatever is left in lungs after exhale.

breathing control centers

medula oblongata (basic rythm) and pons (moderates). sensors in heart also monitor O2 and CO2 levels and help control

partial pressure

outward and other pressure besides internal.

respatory pigments

proteins transporting O2 like hemoglobin.

bohr shift

when the respatory pigments don't work because the PH drops and becomes more acidic.

cardiac output

voume of blood pumped per minute into systemic circulation

heart rate

beats per minute or pulse

stroke volume

blood pumped by left ventricle each contraction

atrioventricular (AV) valve

keeps direction of flow

semilunar valves

exists where aorta leave left ventricles.

pulmonary artery

leaves right ventricle and goes to the lungs.

heart murmer

defect in a valve such as a leak.

sinoatrial (SA) node
pacemaker

part of the heart that sets the rate/time of contracting cells.

myorganic heart

vertebrete heart with pacemaker inside.

neurogenic heart

pacemaker is outside the heart, such as in arthropods.

cardiac output

voume of blood pumped per minute into systemic circulation

heart rate

beats per minute or pulse

stroke volume

blood pumped by left ventricle each contraction

atrioventricular (AV) valve

keeps direction of flow

semilunar valves

exists where aorta leave left ventricles.

apex

muscle around the ventricles.

karotkoff

describes the sound of the heart (physiologist)

lymphatic system

shadows circulatory system and cleans out blood. tonsils, thymus gland, spleen, bone marrow, nodes.

spleen

breaks down damaged blood cells.

bone marrow

makes new blood cells.

lymph node

organized lymphocytes to clean blood.