INfo tech final

Time Value of Money (TVM)

The concept that money today is worth more than the same amount later because it can earn interest.

PMT Function

Excel function that calculates the constant periodic payment needed to repay a loan or reach a savings goal.

FV Function

Excel function that calculates the future value of an investment or loan after a set number of periods.

NPV (Net Present Value)

Excel function that discounts future cash flows into today’s dollars to evaluate investment viability.

IFERROR

Excel function that returns an alternate value if a formula results in an error.

ISERROR

Excel function that returns TRUE if a value is any error type.

Data Validation

Excel feature that restricts what users can type into a cell to prevent bad data.

Macros

Sequences of steps in Excel that can be replayed to automate repetitive tasks.

Worksheet Protection

Excel feature that locks a sheet so only specific cells can be edited.

RAND

Excel function that returns a random number between 0 and 1.

Trace Dependents

Excel auditing tool showing which cells depend on the selected cell.

Trace Precedents

Excel auditing tool indicating which cells feed into the selected cell.

Forecast Sheet

Excel tool that creates a new sheet with forecasted values based on historical data.

Business Intelligence (BI)

Tools and processes for turning data into useful information for business decisions.

Database

A structured collection of data organized into tables.

Data Model

Excel’s relational structure connecting multiple tables via relationships.

Relationship

A defined connection between tables using key fields to link related records.

Query Connection

A link that loads data from an external source into Excel.

PivotTable Cache

In-memory copy of the source data used by a PivotTable for quick recalculation.

Pivot Table Grouping

Feature that groups items into categories such as Days, Months, Quarters, Years.

Pivot Table Display (% of Column Total)

Setting that displays each value as a percentage of its column total.

GETPIVOTDATA

Excel function that returns a specific summarized value from a PivotTable.

Database Functions (Dfunctions)

Excel functions that calculate summary statistics using a database range and criteria.

Conditional Formatting (PivotTables)

Applying visual highlights inside PivotTables to represent data significance.

RFM Analysis

Customer scoring method based on Recency, Frequency, and Monetary values.

RFM Interpretation

Reading RFM scores to target customers based on their purchasing behavior.

Bandwidth

The capacity of a communication path to transmit data.

Latency

The time delay between sending and receiving data.

TCP/IP

The fundamental communication system of the internet ensuring reliable delivery of data.

Physical Media

The physical cables or materials used to carry network signals.

Firewall

Network security device that manages incoming and outgoing traffic based on rules.

Net Neutrality

Principle requiring internet service providers to treat all data equally.

RFID Tags

Tags for tracking objects, with variations having different power sources.

GPS

Global Positioning System used for location-based services.

Metadata

Data about data used to organize and tag content.

Data Analytics

The science of analyzing raw data to draw conclusions.

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

AI technology allowing computers to understand human language.

Cloud Service Models

Categories of cloud offerings: SaaS, PaaS, IaaS.

Cloud Providers

Major companies offering cloud platforms like AWS, Azure, and GCP.

Cloud Characteristics (Broad Network Access)

Cloud systems accessible from various devices over the network.

Acceptable Use Policy (AUP)

Document detailing acceptable use of an organization’s IT resources.

Nonrepudiation

Security principle preventing denial of actions or transactions.

Workplace Monitoring Policy

Policy outlining employee activity monitoring rights.

Email Privacy

The concept of limited privacy regarding work email.

Netiquette

Internet etiquette promoting polite behavior online.

Digital Literacy

The ability to effectively use digital technologies for information.

Fair Use Doctrine

Legal principle allowing limited use of copyrighted material under specific conditions.

Digital Divide

The gap between those with regular internet access and those without.

IF Function

Excel function that tests a condition and returns values based on the result.

Nested IF

Multiple IF functions within each other to handle various outcomes.

AND Function

Excel logical function requiring all conditions to be true.

OR Function

Excel logical function needing at least one condition to be true.

COUNTIF

Excel function counting how many cells meet a specific condition.

SUMIFS

Excel function that sums values when multiple criteria are met.

AVERAGEIF

Excel function that averages values meeting a single condition.

VLOOKUP

Excel function searching for a value in the first column of a table.

XLOOKUP

Newer Excel function that can search in any direction and return flexible results.

Alternative to Nested IFs

Using a lookup table instead of multiple nested IFs in Excel.

Goal Seek

Excel tool changing a single input to achieve a target formula result.

Scenario Manager

Excel tool storing input value sets for outcome comparison.

Data Table

Excel tool showing the effect of changing inputs on a formula result.

Named Range

A name assigned to a cell or range for easier referencing in formulas.

Structured Reference

Reference style using Table names instead of cell addresses.

Excel Table

A structured range with headers and automatic formatting in Excel.

Record (Excel Table)

Single row of related data in an Excel table.

MATCH Function

Excel function returning the position of a lookup value in a range.

PivotTable

Excel tool summarizing and analyzing large datasets interactively.

Values Area (PivotTable)

Area where numeric fields are placed for calculations in a PivotTable.

Slicer

Visual control that filters data in PivotTables or Excel tables.

Refresh (PivotTable)

Command that updates a PivotTable based on the current source data.

Entity Requirements (Database Tables)

Rules for defining unique names for tables and fields.

Primary Key

Field in a table that uniquely identifies each record.

Foreign Key

Field in one table referencing a primary key in another table.

Referential Integrity

Rule requiring foreign key values to match a valid primary key.

N:M Relationship (Many-to-Many)

Relationship where many records in one table relate to many records in another.

Biometric Scanning

Authentication using physical traits to verify identity.

Native App

Application designed specifically for a particular operating system.

Ransomware

Malicious software that encrypts files and demands payment.

Digital Certificate

Digital document verifying the identity of a website for secure connections.

Insecure Password

Weak and easily guessed password increasing security risk.

Relational Database

Database that organizes data into related tables using keys.

Nonrelational Database

Database that stores unstructured data with flexible schemas.

DBMS

Software used to create, manage, and query databases.

RDBMS

Relational Database Management System supporting tables and relationships.

Front-End Database

User interface for interacting with data without accessing the back-end.

Back-End Database

Underlying storage and structure of data usually on a server.

DBA (Database Administrator)

Person responsible for maintaining and securing databases.

Table (Database)

Structure holding data in rows and columns.

Field (Database)

Single column in a table that stores one type of data.

Data Type

Field setting defining the kind of data that can be stored.

Data Validation (Database)

Rules ensuring data entered follows constraints.

Index

Data structure speeding up searching on fields.

Relationship (Database)

Connection between records in two tables via keys.

One-to-One Relationship

Each record in one table matches at most one record in another.

One-to-Many Relationship

One record in one table can relate to many records in another.

Many-to-Many Relationship

Multiple records in one table relate to multiple records in another via a junction table.

Query

Database object retrieving data using criteria.

SQL (Structured Query Language)

Standard language for working with relational databases.

Form (Database)

User interface for viewing or entering one record at a time.

Report (Database)

Format for presenting summarized or detailed data.