Grade X Biology - Biodiversity in Indonesia

A comprehensive vocabulary review of key terms, biomes, classification systems, and Indonesian flora and fauna topics from Grade X Biology.

Biodiversity

The diversity in living things that shows variations in form, appearance, size, and other characteristics across genetic, species, and ecosystem levels.

Genetic Diversity

Variation in genetic structures within a single species of living organism, also referred to as a variety or breed.

Species Diversity

Diversity at the species level covering variations among species belonging to the same genus and/or family, such as the Sumatran tiger, Asian elephant, and Komodo dragon.

Ecosystem Diversity

Diversity formed when groups of species adapt to their environment and interact with other species as well as abiotic factors.

Natural Ecosystem

An ecosystem such as a forest, swamp, river, or grassland that possesses higher species diversity but lower genetic diversity compared to an artificial ecosystem.

Artificial Ecosystem

A human-made ecosystem such as a rice field, garden, or aquarium that possesses lower species diversity but higher genetic diversity compared to a natural ecosystem.

Biome

A very large terrestrial ecosystem area characterized by specific regional climates, plants, and animals.

Rainforest Biome

A biome found near the equator that receives high rainfall, remains sunny all year with temperatures of $21-30\,^\circ\text{C}$, and contains tall trees, bushes, lianas, and epiphytes.

Savanna Biome

A tropical biome receiving $90-150\,cm$ of annual rainfall, characterized by grass and trees such as gebang, Eucalyptus, and Acacia.

Grassland Biome

A biome ranging from tropical to cooler areas that receives $25-50\,cm$ of rain per year, supporting tall or short grass based on precipitation.

Desert Biome

An extreme temperature biome receiving less than $25\,cm$ of rain per year, reaching up to $60\,^\circ\text{C}$ in the daytime and $0\,^\circ\text{C}$ at night.

Deciduous Forest Biome

A four-season forest biome receiving $75-100\,cm\text{/year}$ of rainfall, containing plants such as oak, elm, beech, and maple.

Taiga Biome

A biome located between cool and cold areas near the poles that gets $75-100\,cm$ of rain per year and consists mostly of needle-leaf pine-type trees.

Tundra Biome

A biome divided into arctic and alpine regions, dominated by sphagnum moss, reindeer lichen, grasses, shrubs, and dwarf trees.

Sunda Shelf Flora

Flora of Western Indonesia that includes plants from the Dipterocarpaceae family (e.g., meranti trees) and Nepenthaceae family (e.g., Nepenthes pitcher plants).

Sahul Shelf Flora

Flora of Eastern Indonesia that includes sago palm trees (Metroxylon sagu) and plants from the Myristicaceae family such as nutmeg trees.

Wallacea Flora

Flora of the Indonesian transition region that includes distinct species such as the leda tree (Eucalyptus deglupta), famous for its multicolored bark.

Junghuhn Vertical Elevation Zone 0-650 m

A vertical climate zone in Java located at an elevation of $0-650\,m$ above sea level, inhabited by plants like pandan, mangrove (bakau), and kapok (Ceiba pentandra).

Junghuhn Vertical Elevation Zone 650-1500 m

A vertical climate zone located at an elevation of $650-1500\,m$ above sea level, populated by plants such as cinchona (kina), sugar palm (aren), and rasamala (Altingia excelsa).

Junghuhn Vertical Elevation Zone 1500-2500 m

A vertical climate zone located at an elevation of $1500-2500\,m$ above sea level, characterized by mountain pine (cemara gunung) and berry plants.

Junghuhn Vertical Elevation Zone Above 2500 m

A high-elevation vertical climate zone located above $2500\,m$ above sea level, dominated by mosses, lichens, and edelweiss flowers.

Wallace Line

An imaginary boundary running between Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, and Sulawesi, and between Bali and Lombok, separating Western (Asiatis) fauna from Transitional fauna.

Western Indonesia Region (Asiatis/Oriental)

A faunal region characterized by large mammals, various primates, and birds with melodious songs, including tigers, elephants, and Javan rhinoceroses.

Transition Area Fauna

Fauna located in Sulawesi, Maluku, Sumbawa, Sumba, Lombok, and Timor containing a mix of Oriental and Australian species, such as anoa, babirusa, and Komodo dragons.

Eastern Indonesia Region Fauna

A faunal region characterized by small mammals, marsupials, colorful birds, and no monkeys, including tree kangaroos, lesser wallabies, and cassowaries.

Plasma Nutfah (Germplasm)

Parts of plant, animal, or microorganism bodies that possess the function and ability to pass on traits across generations to develop superior crop cultivars.

In Situ Conservation

Conservation efforts carried out within an organism's natural habitat, such as nature reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and forest parks.

Ex Situ Conservation

Conservation efforts carried out outside an organism's natural habitat, such as botanical gardens, safari parks, collection gardens, and zoos.

Taxonomy

The branch of biology that studies the classification of living organisms based on shared characteristics.

Binomial Nomenclature

A scientific naming system introduced by Carolus Linnaeus in $1735$ where each species receives a two-word Latinized name consisting of a genus and a specific epithet.

Invasive Species

An introduced non-native species that dominates an ecosystem and threatens native species, such as the carp (Cyprinus carpio) preying on the endemic rainbowfish (Melanotaenia ayamaruensis).

Bacteria

Unicellular, prokaryotic organisms lacking cell membranes and chloroplasts, ranging in size from $0.5-5\,\mu\text{m}$, reproducing both asexually and sexually.