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RESEARCH

Scientific process of asking questions and answering them through a systematic use of predefined set of procedures.

Systematically collects evidence using those procedures.

Produces findings that are applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the study.

RESEARCH

a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information to increase our understanding of a phenomenon about which we are interested or concerned (Leedy and Ormrod, 2013).

RESEARCH

A process of inquiring that entails methods of learning.

A systematic investigation and collection of information.

A dynamic, multiple, adaptable activity of inquiry.

INQUIRY

defined as “a seeking for truth, information or knowledge”.

The information is sought through questioning

Individuals carry on the process of inquiry from birth until death, making inquiry as part of human nature.

WHY DO WE DO RESEARCH?

Add to the existing body of knowledge

Improve way of life

Solve societal, global, or community specific problems

Raise awareness

Explore and discover useful truth

RESEARCH AND SOCIETY

The results and findings of studies also affect society and the lives of each one of us. Research is very vital to our everyday decision making.

The research you do and evidence you gather will be useful for future endeavors.

RESEARCH AND SOCIETY

It hones basic life skills and makes learning a lifelong endeavor.

Research fills in the need to love reading, writing and analyzing and sharing valuable information.

RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT IN PROVIDING A SOLID FOUNDATION FOR THE FOLLOWING:

Discovery and creation of knowledge, theory-building

Advance a discipline or a field.

Testing, confirmation, revision, and refutation of knowledge as theory.

Advancements and improvements in various aspects of life

RESEARCH ETHICS

As defined by Resnik (2015), these are the norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.

RESEARCH ETHICS

A method, procedure, or perspective for deciding how to act and for analyzing complex problems and issues.

SOME ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH

Integrity

Respect if colleagues

Honesty

Objectivity

Confidentiality

Legality

Respect for intellectual property

FUNCTIONS OF ETHICS IN RESEARCH

Norms promote the aims of research such as knowledge, truth, and evidence.

Ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work such as trust, accountability.

FUNCTIONS OF ETHICS IN RESEARCH

Ethical norms ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public

Ethical norms in research helps build public support quality and integrity of research.

CHOOSING A RESEARCH TOPIC

Narrow down your research topic

A topic you are curious about

A topic that interests you

A topic that is manageable

A topic that is significant

Avoid over-exhausted topics

A topic that is challenging

Availability of sources

SMART

Specific

Measurable

Achievable

Relevant

Time-phase

INTRODUCTION

Far from a traditional format that individuates parts of

a research through chapters, Introduction in an IMRaD

Background of the Study

This is the explanation of the area of your study.

This first part of Introduction gives a brief account of the history of the problem mentioning whether it has been addressed in any form before.

Background of the Study

also provides context to the topic being discussed in your study, where other already published sources may either support or refute your thesis

The information in your background also depend on the degree to which you need to demonstrate your understanding of the topic as researchers, by underscoring whether there any theories, concepts, terms, and ideas that may be unfamiliar to the target audience and will require you to provide any additional explanation.

Background of the Study

Historical data may also need to be shared in order to provide context of your study. Concepts that are unfamiliar to the readers may also be included as part of your background (Enago Academy, n.d.).

Research Gap/Rationale

A gap identified in a study is something that remains to be done or learned in an area of research; it is the gaps that every research project must have, which the researchers attempt to fill in by conducting the study.

Research Gap/Rationale

A gap statement is found in the Introduction section of a journal article or poster or in the Goals and Importance section of a research proposal and succinctly identifies for your audience the gap that you will attempt to address in your project.

A gap might be a lack of understanding about how well a particular instrument works in a certain situation. It could be introducing a new method that needs to be tested.

Research Gap/Rationale

This could also be that you are studying a whole new organism, system, or part of a process. Your project may also address multiple gaps, in which case you should be sure to identify each of them clearly (The Middlebury Site Network, 2021).

Scope and Limitation and Significance of the Study

explains the extent to which the research area will be explored in the work and specifies the parameters within the study will be operating.

Generally, the scope of a research paper is followed by its limitations. As a researcher, you have to be careful when you define your scope or area of focus

Scope and Limitation and Significance of the Study

As a researcher, you have to be careful when you define your scope or area of focus

Why

the general aims and objectives (purpose) of the research.

What

the subject to be investigated, and the included variables.

Where

the location or setting of the study, i.e. where the data will be gathered and to which entity the data will belong

When

the timeframe within which the data is to be collected.

Who

the subject matter of the study and the population from which they will be selected? This population needs to be large enough to be able to make generalizations.

How

how the research is to be conducted, including a description of the research design (e.g. whether it is experimental research, qualitative or a case study), methodology, research tools and analysis techniques.

Objectives of the Study

This section provides the details about the people and groups of people who will benefit upon the completion of the study.

In this part, the beneficiaries (individuals and sectors) should be presented.

Objectives of the Study

Also, researchers are expected to state the benefits and the implications of the research to the beneficiaries.

The objectives of the study or sometimes referred to as research objectives is a set of declarative statements that explains the purpose and/or aims of a researcher in studying a certain topic

Objectives of the Study

The research objectives give the researchers a direction on what to focus on the research, how to construct the literature review, and can serve as a guide in formulating the methodology.

In this manner, the researcher can avoid collecting and/or including information(s) which is unnecessary in understanding the research topic

Remember, the questions must be researchable and should be lenient to the research title. The questions must be also arranged in logical order.

LITERATURE REVIEW

provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated.

LITERATURE REVIEW

designed to provide an overview of sources you have explored while researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits within a larger field of study

LITERATURE REVIEW

For the readers, a literature review creates a "landscape" for the reader, giving her or him a full understanding of the developments in the field.

This landscape informs the reader that the author has indeed assimilated all (or the vast majority of) previous, significant works in the field into her or his research.

RRL MATRIX

enables you to quickly compare and contrast articles in order to determine the scope of research across time.

This could be customizable according the researcher’s organization and sorting of information he/she wants to attain, which may include the following but not limited to:

RRL MATRIX

Name of Author/s, Year of Publication, Title of the Source, Objectives/Questions, Method (addressing the objectives/questions, Findings, and Additional Notes.

can help you more easily spot differences and similarities between sources about a given research topic

Materials and methods

section describes how the results were achieved. This section of the research paper should be concise.

The purpose of Materials and Methods is to provide specific materials, general procedures, and methods to critique the scientific value of the paper.

Materials and methods

Also, writing this section should be well-written because it will help the readers/audience to establish the proper thought process and understanding of the investigation.

Except for the reason that the readers will have a clear understanding of the experiment or investigation, a well written.

Materials and methods

Materials and Methods section also serves as a set of instructions for anyone desiring to replicate the study in the future.

And with this, it should be straightforward and detailed so that these future researchers pursuing the same topic or field could reproduce the results sufficiently to allow validation of conclusions.

Research design

is the framework of research methods and techniques chosen by a researcher.

This allows the researchers to appropriately choose their research methods that are suitable for the topic that they are investigating and set up their studies for success.

Qualitative research

is defined as the naturalistic method of inquiry of research that deals with the issue of human complexity by exploring it directly (Polit and Beck, 2008).

Quantitative research

is a systematic investigation of observable phenomena where the researcher gathers quantitative or numerical data and subjects them to statistical methods

Qualitative research

Phenomenological

Ethnographic study

Case study

Grounded theory

Basic interpretative qualitative study

Quantitative research

Descriptive

Correlational

Ex-post facto

Quasi-experimental

Experimental

Conceptual framework

a graphic representation or nonprose text that provides the scope, range, or limit of the research

presents the understanding of the researchers about how their variables in their study become connected to each other.

Conceptual framework

acts as a map that guides the researchers, as well as the reader, about the direction of investigation

PURPOSES OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

It enables the readers to obtain a general understanding of the research

It gives people a notion on the research activities you want to perform, on the manner you want to carry these activities out, an on the knowledge you have to prove our familiarity with your research topic

It also serves the purpose of clarifying concepts and their relationships with one another in a research study

IPO model (InputProcess-Output model)

describes the information processes by listing the independent variable, the analysis of data, and the dependent variable

IV-DV model (Independent VariableDependent Variable model)

This is especially useful for experimental research, and it presents a “higher order” of variable relationship.

Operational definition of terms

In writing a research paper, researchers use some terms that are too technical to define, and these could be either jargon or cannot be expressed in simple terms.

These terms can be defined conceptually through browsing the definitions in a dictionary or these terms can be defined based on how it is used in the research.

could be different to one study to another.

Research instruments

acts as a tool in collecting or obtaining, measuring, and analyzing data that are connected to the topic of interest of the researchers.

Research instruments

There are different types: (e.g. survey questionnaire, interview, experiments, observation), however, the researchers should choose an appropriate tool that will answer the objectives of their research.

Interview

This is a research instrument where the researchers and participants interact. The interview takes

place when verbal questions are asked by an interviewer to elicit verbal responses from an interviewee.

Observation

a research tool where the researchers make observations and record an individual’s behavior

Survey Questionnaire

a research instrument consisting of a series of questions for the purpose of gathering information from participants. It is a set of standardized questions for gathering information from a group of individuals

Open Question

Ex. What is your idea about the marketing strategy of online sellers?

Closed Question

the respondents will choose their answers to the given choices/ alternatives

Ex. How important is chocolate in your life?

❑ Not important

❑ Important

❑ Very important

Reliability index

Usually, before a survey questionnaire is administered to your actual participants, its reliability index needs to be determined in order to say that the survey questionnaire you will create or adopt shall possess an adequate reliability rate.

Experiment

a scientific method of data gathering. It follows a strict protocol or procedure to eliminate possible errors. Through this researchers can control the effect of variables to one another.

Participants

In this section, the researchers should explain who their — are.

Also, researchers should explain the criteria in selecting them, which may include the age, place, gender, and how you recruited them.

Participants

This part should also narrate the sampling technique and sample size you employed in selecting your —.

Population

Is the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about

Sample

is the specific group that you will collect data from.

Utilizing sample in research is essential because it will not be practical if the researchers will use the whole population as participants because of:

its large/complicated characteristics

time factor- a sample can give immediate information than population

inaccessibility of some population which is also associated with time, cost, and accessibility

accuracy- a sample may be more accurate than testing the whole population sloppily

accuracy

a sample may be more accurate than testing the whole population sloppily

time factor

a sample can give immediate information than population

Data gathering process

This is a detailed presentation of the various phrases of the data gathering, from start to finish.

It provides a description of what exactly transpired in each phrase. It entails how are you going to collect needed data for your study using the research method you will employ.

Data gathering process

For this part, you can include steps as to how you will undertake your research.

Data analysis

This section states clearly the statistical tools used to address the problems that require quantitative techniques.

It is also important to define the statistical tool(s) that you will use in your study.

Data analysis

As a researcher, it is essential that you also discuss how you will use the specific statistical tool/treatment in your study.

Ethical considerations

In this part, researchers should consider the privacy and confidentiality of the included participants.

Further, you should state the measures you conducted to maintain the confidentiality of the participants.

As researchers, you should discuss here that the consent is given before the conduct of an interview or of facilitating the survey questionnaires or experiments.

Common Pitfalls when Writing Materials and Methods (Mack, 2018, p.8)

Including results in the Method section.

Including extraneous details.

Treating the method as a chronological history of what happened.

Phenomenological

Lived experiences

Ethnographic study

Cultural groups or minorities

Case study

In depth examination of an individual, groups of people, or an institution

Grounded theory

Comparing collected units of data against one another

Basic interpretative qualitative study

How individuals give meanings (perception-based)

Descriptive

Report of observe certain phenomenon

Correlational

It shows relationship of variables

Ex post facto

It shows cause to effect

Quasi experimental

Cause and effect that go with intact groups

Experimental

Cause and effect that proceed to extensive variable manipulation