Food Science
Study of the biological, chemical, and physical properties of food.
Materials Science
Investigation of the properties, performance, and applications of materials.
Processes Science
Study and application of techniques for manufacturing and processing materials.
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Macronutrients
Carbohydrates
Provide the primary source of energy for the body.
Simple Carbohydrates
Sugars such as glucose and fructose found in fruits and sweets.
Complex carbohydrates
Starches and fibers found in whole grains, legumes, and vegetables.
Proteins
Crucial for building and repairing tissues, producing enzymes and hormones.
Fats
Serve as long-term energy storage, provide insulation, and protect organs.
Saturated Fats
Typically solid at room temperature, found in animal products and some plant oils.
Unsaturated Fats
Liquid at room temperature, found in fish, nuts, and seeds. Includes monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats.
Vitamins
Minerals
Micronutrients
Vitamins
Support various body functions, such as vision, immune function, and blood clotting.
Fat-soluble
Stored in body fat (e.g., Vitamins A, D, E, K).
Water-soluble
Not stored in the body and need to be consumed regularly (e.g., Vitamin C, B vitamins).
Minerals
Essential for building bones, teeth, and aiding in muscle function and nervous system activity.
Macro Minerals
Needed in larger amounts (e.g., Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium).
Trace Minerals
Required in small amounts (e.g., Iron, Zinc, Copper).
Water
Vital for digestion, absorption, circulation, and temperature regulation.
Canning
Food is sealed in sterilized containers and heated to destroy microorganisms.
Freezing
Lowers the temperature to below freezing, slowing down the activity of microorganisms.
Drying
Removes moisture to inhibit microbial growth.
Pasteurization
Heating food (such as milk) to a specific temperature for a set period to kill pathogens.
Preservatives
Extend the shelf life by preventing spoilage and growth of pathogens.
Colorings
Improve or maintain the color of food.
Flavorings
Enhance or add flavor.
Emulsifiers
Stabilize mixtures of oil and water, preventing separation.
Packaging
Protects food from contamination, physical damage, and extends shelf life.
Biological
Chemical
Physical
Types of Hazards
HACCP
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
Metals
Polymers
Ceramics
Composites
Types of Materials
Metals
Conductivity: Excellent conductors of heat and electricity.
Malleability: Can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets.
Ductility: Can be drawn into wires.
Polymers
Packaging: Flexible, lightweight, and often recyclable.
Clothing: Synthetic fibers like polyester and nylon.
Automotive Parts: Durable and resistant to corrosion.
Ceramics
Hardness: Extremely hard and wear-resistant.
Brittleness: Can fracture easily under stress.
Heat Resistance: Withstands high temperatures without degradation.
Composites
Composition: Made from two or more different materials combined to enhance properties.
Strength
Hardness
Ductility
Mechanical Properties
Conductivity
Expansion
Thermal Properties
Conductivity
Insulation
Electrical Properties
Tensile Testing
Hardness Testing
Impact Testing
Testing Methods
Casting
Molding
Forming Processes for Materials
Welding
Adhesives
Joining Techniques for Materials
Coating
Plating
Surface Treatments for Materials
Recycling
Biodegradable Materials
Renewable Resources
Sustainable Material Use
Batch Production
Production: Involves producing a set quantity of products in a series of steps.
Flexibility: Can be easily adjusted to different products or quantities.
Cost: Higher per unit due to lower economies of scale.
Continuous Production
Production: Non-stop production process, where materials are continuously processed.
Efficiency: High output and lower per-unit cost.
Suitability: Ideal for high-demand, standardized products.
Open Loop
A system that operates without feedback, based on a set input.
Closed Loop
Uses feedback to continuously adjust and control the process.
CNC
Computer Numerical Control
NDT
Non-Destructive Testing
Energy Efficiency
Waste Minimization
Green Technologies
Sustainable Processing in Process Science