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What do Omi and Winant mean by racial formation?
Social, political, and economic aspects that create and change racial categories.
What is Omi and Winant’s piece about?
Race isn’t only about skin color. It is made up of political, economic, and social factors.
In what ways do we understand racial etiquette in America?
Racial etiquette is shaped by rules made from our perception of race.
What is the difference bewteen genotype and phenotype?
Genotype = literal genetic makeup. Phenotype = physical characteristics that are shaped by genetics and environmental factors.
What myths shape how race is understood in the U.S.?
Some myths are about the abilities of a race, like Asians being better at math. Others are things like “I don’t see race” which is problematic and a stereotype.
What is racialization?
Racial meaning assigned to a group that was previously not understood in racial terms.
How does racism emerge from the interpretation of differences rather than the differences themselves?
Racism emerges when we give stereotypes to certain races based on the way that we always have, not considering the actual societal differences.
What is the difference between structural racism and individual bigotry and prejudice?
Structural racism is created by policies that perpetuate inequality. Individual bigotry is hate based off of race.
What is McIntosh’s piece about?
The invisible knapsack of race.
What is Lopez’s piece about?
Race restrictions on citizenship in the form of laws throughout history.
What is Vanderbeck’s piece about?
How Vermont tried to gain back its whiteness by advertising in a certain way, using the pure “Yankee” Anglo-Saxon method.
How has whiteness been socially constructed throughout U.S. history?
It was used to justify systems of oppression, we see it as the default or norm when we think of America, and laws have made it so white people were treated better.
How has whiteness been framed as a virtue?
We see it as a default or norm. There are even skin whitening products that make you look lighter and more “pure”.
Why does McIntosh’s invisible knapsack matter?
It shows the struggles and things people of color have to think about every day that white people don’t have to. It brings to light these differences.
What was Ellis Island and why was it important?
It was America’s largest immigration station. 12 million immigrants were processed there. 1892-1924.
How did assimilation shape ideas of becoming American?
It encouraged immigrants to adopt American culture and get rid of their own to fit in and be successful.
What were the racial restrictions in law?
Chinese Exclusion Act, birthright citizenship being changed, all naturalization acts from 1790-1952 included the “white person” prerequisite.
What is the psychological wage of whiteness?
The advantages white people get just for being white.
How has Vermont been constructed as a white place?
By using terms like “pure” and wanting rich, white families to move there to restore the state with the “right kind of people.
What was the eugenics movement and how did it operate in Vermont?
Eugenics around the country was made to “improve” America through selective breeding and sterilization. It was to create racial purity. In Vermont, targets included women and “mentally deficient” people.
Why was Vermont a site for eugenics?
Vermont wanted to be restored to a pure place with the right type of people, which made eugenics and getting rid of the “bad” people a popular site for eugenics.
What were the archetypal families from eugenics?
“Gypsy family” - dark skin and people of color.
“Chorea family” - Huntington’s disease.
“Pirate family” - French Canadians.
What is the difference between race and ethnicity?
Race is people sharing characteristics while ethnicity is people sharing cultural traits (religion, ancestry, traditions, etc.)
Why is the Latino/a/x identity complex?
Because Latino doesn’t fit into nonbinary pronouns, but Latinx is very American and doesn’t fit right into the Spanish language.
What is the Latino Threat Narrative?
Americans feeling threatened by Latin American people coming into the country. People are scared of them because of the negative connotations associated with immigrants from Mexico.
What are the limitations to the Black/White paradigm?
Black immigrants get lumped into the experience of Black Americans even though they aren’t from the U.S.
How do hybrid identities shape the way we understand ethnicity?
It makes it clear that ethnicities can range and change. Someone doesn’t have to be put into just one ethnicity or group. Someone can identify with multiple.
How does Alsultany’s concept of shifting identities help us understand racial and ethnic categorization?
???
When were the L.A. riots?
1992.
What are challenges with understanding inter-ethnic conflict?
The government doesn’t really help any groups pf color, and they turn different groups of color against each other to make that seem like the real problem, even though the real problem isn’t really that?
What is the model minority myth?
Where people think that a because a certain racial minority is doing well, everyone else in that minority can, too. The model minority don’t need help from the government, they can do it on their own, is what a lot of policicians say. It spreads stereotypes about a minority.
What is intersectionality?
Categories connecting across different groups. Overlapping groups can be race, gender, class.
What are strengths of intersectionality?
It can be a good tool to challenge inequality.
How can applying an intersectional lens reveal the specific experiences, challenges, and oppressions faced by Black women and immigrant women, both historically and modern times?
By using intersectionality, we can see how the experiences of women of color are different than white women, and how immigrant women and Black women have different experiences from one another, too.
When was the equal pay act?
When was marital rape criminalized across the U.S.?
1993.
What is imperialism?
A country extending its power, usually through military force. European armies did this in South America, Central America, and North America.
What is the history of Native peoples in America?
The Spanish and the English forced Indigenous people out of their lands for hundreds of years. Soon the U.S. was almost completely taken by colonizers with little to no land left for Native people. Today, they are still suffering from a system that is against them.
Who were the Taino and what happened to them?
The Taino people lived in the Caribbean. They were starting to be killed in the 1490s. By the 1540s, they were considered to be extinct.
What is the Discovery Doctrine?
It allowed European explorers to claim the land they “discovered”. It justified European colonization.
What are the major political and legal events affecting Indigenous peoples? Years associated with them…(4).
The Sand Creek Massacre happened in 1864, where a surprise militia killed 150 people in an innocent town. The Discovery Doctrine was in 1823, and Indigenous people couldn’t buy land since it was discovered by Europeans and therefore theirs. Indian Removal Act of 1830. Andrew Jackson passed the act forcing all Indigenous peoples east of the Mississippi to the west. The Trail of Tears, forced removal of thousands of Native peoples. 4,000 Cherokee dies along the way, 1831.
What was the Frontier Thesis?
Jackson argued that the westward expansion was crucial to creating the American character. 1893.
What role did boarding schools play?
Boarding schools forced children to be more “American” and get rid of their Native heritage and traditions. They tried to make them white.
What restrictions were placed on Native people?
The Indian Removal Act, 1830.
What were the consequences of the Trail of Tears?
Thousands of Cherokee died along the way.
Who are the Abenaki and what is their historical significance?
Indigenous people of Northeastern U.S. and Canada.
How have Indigenous people been represented through the noble savage, the savage wild, and the steward?
The Noble savage represents an innocent yet savage Native person who needs European help. The savage wild is part of the frontier thesis where America is a land of untapped resources waiting for colonizers to take it. The U.S. as a steward represents how America is a caretaker of the land and of the people already there.
What are Stanton’s ten stages of genocide?
Classification.
Symbolization.
Discrimination.
Dehumanization.
Organization.
Polarization.
Preparation.
Persecution.
Extermination.
Denial.
What’s the difference between early forms of slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade?
Early slavery was usually war prisoners doing work for whoever won the war. The Transatlantic Slave Trade was about race.
What is the significance of Elk v. Wilkins and the Dred Scott case?
It shaped how people of color would be treated in the future, by making it so they couldn’t vote, get jobs, or own land.
What was Elk v. Wilkins about, and when was it?
John Elk was a Winnebago man who left his tribal affiliation to be able to vote. However, they didn’t let him because he was never naturalized and supposedly didn’t pay taxes. 1884.
What was Dred Scott, and when was it?
Dred Scott sued the government for the freedom of his family. However, they didn’t win the case and weren’t considered free. 1857.
What is the African Slave Diaspora?
It was the term for people who were of African slave descent.
What was the 3/5 compromise, what motivated it, and how did it shape the lives of Black Americans after.
It made it so the government counted 3/5 of an enslaved person as free. It happened so each state could have more people in their population when counted, and more people meant more power in congress. It increased the power of slaveholders and made Black people seem like less of a person.
What was the Middle Passage?
A triangle route in the slave trade. It would start in Europe with goods and go to Africa. They would drop off the goods in exchange for slaves. The slaves would go to South America or North America to do labor. Then the goods they collected would be shipped back to Europe.
What were the origins and destinations of enslaved peoples, in numbers.
The origins of enslaved people were the West Coast of Africa. Most of them would go to Brazil, about 4 million. However, about 4 million would also go to the Caribbean. About 400,000 went to North America and very few to Central America.
What were the legal restrictions placed on slaves in the Americas?
They couldn’t own property, and they needed passes from their owners to leave. White people weren’t allowed to teach them to read or write. They could be killed for not following the rules.
What was South Carolina’s slave code of 1712?
The slave code was a list of things slaves could and couldn’t do. They couldn’t be taught to read, write, couldn’t leave, couldn’t get married, couldn’t carry a weapon, could be killed if they did something wrong, and many more. This gave slaveowners absolute power.
Why was manifest destiny needed?
To justify Americans feeling like they are superior to people of color.
How has the U.S. extended its borders? Dates, treaties, doctrines, etc. (5).
Louisiana purchase 1803.
Treaty of 1818, Canada border to Rockies. Doubled the size of U.S.
Transcontinental Treaty 1819, purchased Florida from Spain.
Oregon Treaty 1846 divides territory between U.S. and Britain.
Monroe Doctrine: the U.S. wouldn’t tolerate further colonization by being Europe’s puppet.
What was the White Man’s Burden?
A poem by Rudyard Kipling about the American-Philippine war. It was about justifying America’s need for expanding by force.
What is American exceptionalism?
The belief that America is totally unique. The feeling that we are destined to be big on the world stage.
Why did America want Mexican land but not its people?
America wanted Mexican land because it was our “destiny” to tame it. But, we didn’t want the people because they could never be true Americans because they weren’t white.
What was the Mexican Cession of 1848?
Land given to the U.S. after the Mexican-American war. The U.S. paid Mexico $15 million for the exchange. It includes present day California, Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah.
What are the myths and attitudes about borders and immigration in the U.S.?
People think the U.S. is being flooded by illegal immigrants from Mexico, but that’s not true. This is why many don’t like Mexicans or people who speak Spanish, because they think they’re taking they’re jobs and culture.
What are the push factors of immigration?
Economic hardship, persecution, violence, war.
What are the pull factors of immigration?
Higher wages, better job opportunity, better standard of living, political/religious freedom.
What led to increased immigration from Asia after the 1960s?
The passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which abolished discrimination based on national origins.
How have American attitudes toward immigrants historically combined both hope and suspicion?
It has been hopeful because immigrants do labor-heavy jobs. It’s been suspicious because Americans think immigrants are taking American culture.
How has the debate over immigration policy changed in recent years, and what policy shifts are currently taking place?
The debate has gotten more intense recently as Trump has been president. Recent reforms include DACA, TPS, and tougher border and asylum restrictions. These happened in the 2000s.
What are the four categories of immigrants in the U.S.?
Unauthorized, legal temporary, legal permanent, and refugees/asylees.
Why do some authors describe “becoming American” as a process of “whitening”?
Because to fit into a lot of American society, you have to be white to fit in or not be judged.
What are the “limits of single axis thinking”? How do Lorde and Crenshaw challenge this perspective?
Thinking about only one factor that someone could be discriminated against for, not multiple factors like race, sex, etc. Crenshaw and Lorde discuss how all aspects must be discussed.
What parallels and differences exist between immigration in the 19th century and recent immigration trends in the U.S.?
Immigrants still go to certain cities which are hubs for migrants and new opportunities. Push and pull factors are often the same. Today, there is increased border security and there wasn’t in the 19th century.
How are immigrants selected and preferred by the U.S.? What policies and factors influence who is chosen?
A lot of it has to do with familial ties, employment, and skills.
What is the spatial distribution of immigrants in the U.S.? How have the destinations changed?
Common states are California, New York, Texas, Florida, Illinois, and New Jersey. They used to be cities like Cleveland and Buffalo, but are now New York, Chicago, and even newer ones like Salt Lake City.
Why have immigrants moved to more rural places?
Cheaper housing costs in ethnoburbs.
What do ethnoburbs say about cultural persistence of immigrant communities?
It shows that immigrant groups want to cluster together to share their cultures in a safe place where they’re accepted.
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