Cells and Tissues

Vary considerably in size, are microscopic, and differ notably in shape.

cells

Cells contain _____________, a substance found only in cells (mostly water).

cytoplasm

___________ are specialized structures within the cytoplasm.

organelles

________________ surrounded by a plasma membrane.

cell interior

Cells are selectively ___________________.

permeable

Cells are composed of a thin, two- layered membrane of ______________ containing proteins.

phospholipids

_____________ make protein in the cells.

ribosome's

Ribosome's manufacture ______________ and other protein compounds and are often called protein factories.

enzymes

The __________________________ is a network of connecting sacs and canals carrying substance through fluid cytoplasm.

endoplasmic reticulum

__________ ER collects, folds, and transports proteins made by ribosome's.

rough

____________ ER synthesizes chemicals; makes new membrane.

smooth

___________________ are groups of flattened sacs near the nucleus that collect chemicals into vesicles that move from the smooth ER outward to plasma membrane.

golgi apparatus

Golgi apparatus is called the ______________________________________________.

chemical processing and packaging

___________________; produces the energy in the cell, is composed of inner and outer membranous sacks which are involved with energy-releasing chemical reactions, often called "Power Plants" and contain on DNA molecule.

mitochondria

___________________; contain digestive enzymes and have protective functions like eating microbes, thought to be responsible for apoptosis (programmed cell death) and are membranous-walled organelles.

lysosomes

_________________ are paired organelles that lie at right angles to each other near the nucleus and are a function in cell reproduction.

centrioles

_____________ are fine, hair-like extensions found on free exposed surfaces of some cells and capable of moving in unison in a wavelike fashion. Moves microbes and debris up and out of airways

cilia

_____________ are found only in the sperm in the human body, have single projections extending from the cell surface, much larger than cilia, and have tails. Enables movement and chemotaxis

flagella

The ______________ controls cells because it contains DNA, the genetic code- instructions for making proteins, which in turn determines cell structure and function.

nucleus

Each cell has _________ chromosomes in the nucleus.

46

The nucleus is not a part of the ________________.

organelles

Heart muscle cells contain many ______________________ required to produce adequate energy needed for continues contractions.

mitochondria

______________ processes do not require added energy and results in movement "down a concentration gradient".

passive transport

______________ requires the expenditure of energy by the cell, it is obtained from a very important chemical substance called adenosine triposphate, or ATP.

active transport

Movements of substances through cell membranes is from ________ to _________ concentration.

high to low

The two types of cell diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane are __________ and ___________.

osmosis and dialysis

_______________ is diffusion of water (when some solutes cannot cross the membrane).

osmosis

Active transport processes occur only in __________________ and requires energy from ATP.

living cells

________________ and _______________ are both active transport mechanisms because they require cell energy.

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

__________________ (the cell eater) is a protective mechanism often used to destroy bacteria.

phagocytosis

_______________ is used to incorporate fluids or dissolved substances into cells.

pinocytosis

Several severe ______________ results from damage to cell transport processes.

diseases

____________________, characterized by abnormally thick secretions in the airways and digestive ducts, results from failed CI- transport.

cystic fibrosis

________________ resembles a long, narrow ladder twisted round and round its axis; shaped in a double helix.

DNA molecule

Each DNA molecule is made up of a ________________, _______________, and ____________ units.

sugar (deoxyribose), bases, and phosphate

DNA bases are nitrogen-containing chemicals: ______________, _______________, ______________, and _______________.

adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

DNA codes for _________________.

protein

A _____________ is a specific segment of base pairs in a chromosome.

gene

The _______________________ is a sequence of base pairs that determine heredity.

genetic code

Coded information in genes controls ______________ and ______________ production.

protein and enzyme

_______________ facilitate chemical reactions.

enzymes

Cellular _______________________________ determine cell structure and function.

chemical reactions

DNA will die if it leaves the cell's ______________.

nucleus

DNA can only leave the cell without dying for _____________________.

cell division

Process of transferring genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm where proteins are produced requires completion of __________________ and _________________.

transcription and translation

__________ is important for transcription and translation.

RNA

Double -stranded DNA separates to form messenger RNA (mRNA), each strand of mRNA duplicates a particular gene (based-pair) from a segment of DNA, mRNA molecules pass from the nucleus to the ________________, where they direct protein synthesis in ______________ and ER.

cytoplasm and ribosome's

Translation is called a _____________.

codon

________________, involves synthesis of proteins in cytoplasm by ribosomes and requires use of information contained in mRNA.

translation

_____________ is a series of three nucleotide bases that act as a code for a specific amino acid.

codon

Factors that cause damage to DNA molecules include ____________ or ____________ __________, _____________, ____________ and ______________.

chemical or mechanical irritants, radiation, bacteria and viruses

____________________ reproduction of cell involving division of the nucleus (mitosis) and the cytoplasm and two daughter cells are the result.

cell division

The period when the cell is not actively dividing is called ____________________.

interphase

_________ _______________ is the process by which each half of a DNA molecule becomes a whole molecule identical to the original DNA molecule; precedes mitosis.

DNA replication

When a cell is divided into mitosis, both cells have the __________________ of DNA.

same amount

______________ is the process in cell division that distributes identical chromosomes (DNA molecules) to each new cell formed when the original cell divides, this enables cells to reproduce their own kind and makes heredity possible.

mitosis

The first stage in Mitosis is __________________; chromatin granules become organized, chromosomes (pairs of linked chromatids) appear, centrioles move away for the nucleus, nuclear envelope disappears freeing genetic material, and spindle fibers appear.

prophase

The second stage in Mitosis is ____________________, chromosomes align across center of cell and spindle fibers attach themselves to each chromatid.

metaphase

The third stage in Mitosis is ________________, centromeres break apart, separated chromatids now called chromosomes, are then pulled to opposite ends of cell and cleavage furrow develops at the end.

anaphase

The forth stage in Mitosis is ___________________, the cell has divided into equal DNA (chromosomes) and are fully functional; cell division is completed, nuclei appears in daughter cells, nuclear envelope and nucleoli appear, cytoplasm is divided (cytokinesis) and daughter cells become fully functional.

telophase

Uncontrolled cell reproduction results in formation of a _____________ (non-cancerous) or ______________ (cancerous) ________________ (tumor).

benign or malignant neoplasm

________________ tissue covers the body and lines body cavities, cells are packed closely together with little matrix and classified by shape of cells. Functions are protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and senses.

epithelial

______________ epithelial tissue is the outer layer lining of blood and lymphatic vessels, alveoli of lungs, surface lining of mouth and esophagus, surface of skin- flat tissue.

squamous

______________ epithelial tissue is the duct in glands and kidneys, that look like cubes; ex: sweat glands.

cuboidal

_____________ epithelial tissue is seen more in the digestive track; surface layer of stomach of lining of intestines, parts of respiratory track, shaped like a column (rectangle).

columnar

_______________ epithelial tissue has multiple shapes found only in the bladder. Allow tissue to expand and contract

transitional

The primary function of the epithelial tissue is for ______________ .

protection

_________________ tissue is the most abundant tissue in the body.

connective

___________ connective tissue is glue that holds organs together located between other tissues and organs, function is connection.

areolar

___________ connective tissue is used for lipid (fat) storage under the skin, primary function is protection.

adipose

___________ connective tissue is bundles of strong collagen fibers, tendons, ligaments, fascia, and scar tissue, primary function is for flexible but strong connection.

fibrous

___________ connective tissue is matrix is calcified; skeleton, function is support and protection.

bone

___________ connective tissue is matrix is consistency of gristle- like gel; chondrocyte is a cell type, nasal septum, area covering articular surfaces of bones, larynx, rings in trachea and bronchi, primary function is firm but flexible support.

cartilage

___________ connective tissue is matrix in fluid; blood vessels functions are transportation and protection- immunity.

blood

______________ tissue is made up of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth tissues, primary function is movement.

muscle

________________ muscle tissue also called striated or involuntary; composed heart wall, ordinarily cannot control contractions.

cardiac

________________ muscle tissue also called nonstriated (visceral) or involuntary, no cross striations, found in blood vessels and other tube shaped organs.

smooth

___________________ tissue is rapid communication between body structures and controls of body function.

nervous

______________ are the cells of the nervous tissue.

neurons

All neurons have a cell body and two types of processes: ___________ and ___________.

axon and dendrite

_____________ (one) carries nerve impulse away from cell body

axon

____________ (one or more) carry nerve impulse toward the cell body.

dendrite

_____________ and ___________ tissue have very limited abilities to repair themselves, they can repair but can not regenerate.

muscle and nervous

______________ and ______________ tissue regenerate easily.

epithelial and connective

________________________ are usually accomplished by means of regeneration of tissue.

tissue repairs

cells reproduce rapidly, results in ________________

rapid healing

mast cells (connective tissue)

prevents clots

macrophages (connective tissue)

consumers

fibroblasts (connective tissue)

produce fibers

This fiber is found in bones, ligaments, and tendons

collagenous

This fiber is found in ears and vocal cords

elastic

Cartilage cells are called

chondrocytes

This cartilage covers ends of joints, nose and respiratory passages, serves as padding

hyaline cartilage

This cartilage is located in the external ear and larynx

elastic cartilage

This cartilage is tough, shock absorbing and is located between vertebrae

Fibrocartilage

support cells

neuroglia

simple (epithelial tissue)

single layer

stratified (epithelial tissue)

multiple layers

When a cell grows too large, the processes of bringing in nutrients and removing waste become

ineffcient

Meiosis is the period of division in sex cells (________)

gametes