AP_Euro_U8_AMSCO

What is the essence of nationalism in the context of 20th-century global conflicts?

A strong identification with and pride in one's nation, often leading to the desire for political autonomy or independence.

Define imperialism as it relates to the context of the 20th century.

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means.

What are totalitarian regimes?

Political systems in which the state recognizes no limits to its authority and seeks to regulate every aspect of public and private life.

Describe the concept of militarism.

The belief that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

What was the outcome of the Versailles Treaty?

The treaty that formally ended World War I, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany.

What does the term 'total war' refer to?

A war that involves not just the military but also civilians and the economy, mobilizing all resources and affecting all people.

What caused the Great Depression in Europe?

Economic instability stemming from World War I reparations, stock market crash, and overproduction.

How did totalitarian regimes emerge after World War I?

They capitalized on political instability, economic hardship, and societal unrest to gain control and suppress dissent.

Define genocide in the context of World War II.

The deliberate and systematic extermination of a particular group of people, often based on ethnicity or religion.

Explain the significance of the 'Nuremberg Laws'.

A series of laws enacted in Nazi Germany that stripped Jews of their citizenship and civil rights.

What is the meaning of the term 'stalemate' in the context of World War I?

A situation in warfare where neither side can make significant gains, leading to a prolonged and fruitless conflict.

What role did propaganda play in totalitarian states?

Used to manipulate public perception, promote government ideology, and suppress dissent.

Discuss the impact of the Russian Revolution on the 20th century.

Led to the establishment of a communist state in Russia, influencing global politics and ideologies.

What does the term 'appeasement' refer to in the context of the interwar period?

The policy of conceding to aggressive demands in order to maintain peace, particularly associated with Britain and France's response to Hitler.

Explain how industrialized warfare changed during World War I.

New technologies like tanks, aircraft, and chemical weapons increased the scale and destructiveness of war.

What event is referred to as 'Kristallnacht'?

A series of coordinated attacks against Jews in Nazi Germany on November 9-10, 1938, marking a significant escalation in anti-Jewish violence.

Describe the ideology of fascism.

A political ideology that emphasizes authoritarian leadership, national unity, and often the supremacy of one race or nation.

What was the main consequence of the Holocaust?

The systematic extermination of about six million Jews and millions of others, which deeply traumatized Jewish communities and shaped global human rights discussions.

What is the 'Great Purge'?

A campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union from 1936 to 1938, orchestrated by Joseph Stalin, leading to the execution and imprisonment of many Communist Party members.

How did the Treaty of Versailles contribute to World War II?

By imposing heavy reparations on Germany, creating economic instability, and fostering resentment that fueled nationalist and militaristic movements.

What was the significance of the Iron Curtain in post-World War II Europe?

A term representing the ideological and physical boundary dividing Europe into Western democracies and Eastern communist countries during the Cold War.

Define the term 'Cold War'.

The state of political hostility between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies during the second half of the 20th century.

What was the impact of the atomic bomb on global politics post-World War II?

It ushered in a nuclear arms race and shaped military strategies, creating a climate of fear and political tension during the Cold War.

What does 'détente' refer to in Cold War history?

A period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Summarize the significance of the Manhattan Project.

The secret U.S. project during World War II that developed the atomic bomb, fundamentally changing warfare and international relations.

Explain the role of women in the workforce during World War II.

Women took on roles previously held by men, contributing significantly to war efforts and leading to greater gender equality post-war.

What were the effects of economic policies under Stalin?

Led to rapid industrialization but also caused widespread famine and suffering, particularly during collectivization.

How did the Spanish Civil War serve as a precursor to World War II?

It was a battleground for opposing ideologies (fascism vs. communism) and saw international intervention, foreshadowing the global conflict that was to follow.

Define the term 'mandate system' after World War I.

A system established by the League of Nations whereby former territories of the Ottoman Empire and Germany were administered by Allied powers until they were deemed ready for independence.

Summarize the main outcomes of World War I.

The collapse of empires, redrawing of national borders, and significant political change throughout Europe, leading to instability and contributing to World War II.

What is significant about the Year 1917 in Russian history?

The year marked the Bolshevik Revolution, which led to the establishment of a communist government and transformative societal changes.

Explain how artistic movements in the 20th century reflected societal changes.

Movements like surrealism and modernism captured the anxiety and disillusionment caused by world wars and technological advancements.

What role did propaganda play in World War II?

It was critical in shaping public opinion, boosting morale, demonizing enemies, and mobilizing populations for the war effort.

Define the term 'genocide'.

The deliberate and systematic extermination of a particular group of people, with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.

What was the significance of the Battle of Stalingrad?

Considered a turning point in World War II, where Soviet forces successfully defended the city against Hitler's army, marking the beginning of a long retreat for Germany.

Summarize the consequences of industrial revolution on warfare.

Transformed warfare through advancements in weapons, tactics, and logistics, leading to more lethal and expansive conflicts.

How did the ideological divide of the Cold War manifest in global conflicts?

It polarized nations into pro-communist or pro-capitalist camps, influencing conflicts in Korea, Vietnam, Cuba, and other regions.

What impact did the invasion of Poland have on the start of World War II?

It triggered declarations of war from Britain and France, officially marking the beginning of the conflict in Europe.

Define 'blitzkrieg' as a military tactic.

A fast and powerful military strategy employed by Germany, characterized by rapid, coordinated strikes using aircraft and ground troops.

What was the significance of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact?

It allowed Germany to invade Poland unopposed by the Soviet Union, rearranging the balance of power in Europe.

Explain the cultural and intellectual transformations during the interwar period.

Increased questioning of traditional beliefs and values due to disillusionment from world wars led to new philosophies in art, literature, and science.

What were the reasons for the eventual collapse of Nazi Germany?

A combination of military overstretch, resilience of occupied nations, and the unified opposition from Allied forces.

How did economic factors shape the political landscape in post-World War I Europe?

Economic instability and hardship led to weak democracies and paved the way for totalitarian regimes that promised stability and prosperity.

Describe the social changes in post-World War II Europe regarding gender roles.

The war provided women opportunities in the workplace, leading to lasting changes in gender roles and greater advocacy for women's rights.

What impact did the Holocaust have on global human rights discourse?

It led to intensified discussions about genocide, human rights protections, and the importance of preventing future atrocities.

Identify the main goals of the League of Nations.

To promote peace, disarmament, and cooperation among nations to prevent future conflicts.

How did World War II differ in scope and impact from World War I?

World War II was more global and destructive, involving vast civilian casualties and leading to major geopolitical shifts, including the emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers.

Explain how social movements after World War II were influenced by earlier conflicts.

They drew lessons from the totalitarian regimes of the wars and emphasized human rights, civil liberties, and self-determination.

What was the significance of the Yalta Conference?

It set post-war plans for Europe, including the division of Germany and the approach to liberated nations, foreshadowing the Cold War divisions.

Define postmodernism as it relates to cultural developments in the late 20th century.

A broad movement that questions established narratives and values, embracing diversity, fragmentation, and blurred boundaries between cultural forms.

What did the phrase 'lost generation' refer to?

A term used to describe a group of American writers who felt disillusioned after World War I and critiqued the values of their society.

Discuss the impact of the New Economic Policy (NEP) in the Soviet Union.

It allowed some private enterprise and market mechanisms to stabilize the economy after the Civil War, paving the way for later industrialization efforts.

Summarize the impact of World War II on colonial empires.

It accelerated decolonization movements as weakened European powers struggled to maintain control over colonies following the war.

What was the impact of the Great Depression on political systems in Europe?

It led to the rise of authoritarian regimes and increased radicalization as democracies struggled to respond effectively to economic crises.

Describe how technological innovations affected warfare in World War II.

Innovations like tanks, aircraft, and atomic bombs changed tactics and strategies, making conflicts more lethal and far-reaching.

Summarize how propaganda was utilized in totalitarian regimes.

Used to control public opinion, demonize enemies, and promote state ideology through state-run media, art, and education.

What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan?

To aid in the economic recovery of Western European nations post-World War II and prevent the spread of communism.