Intro and Basic Terminology

What is anatomical kinesiology?

The study of human movement through the perspective of physical sciences. Specifically, biomechanics, musculoskeletal anatomy, and neuromuscular physiology.

Every structure that participates in movements of the body does so according to…

physical and physiological principles

What is the reason to study KIN480?

To improve performance (in clients and self) by learning how to analyze movements of the human body.

It also enables professionals to help their students or clients perform with optimum safety, effectiveness, and efficiency (SEE)

What is Safety, Effectiveness, and Efficiency?

Safety: Body structures participating in movements are doing so to avoid doing harm to the body

Effectiveness: Determining as a professional if movement goal was successful or failed to meet goals of an effective performance

Efficiency: Striving to achieve movement goal with the least amount of effort (most efficient manner)

SEE are…

underlying aims of kinesiology for analysis and modification of human movement

What is the Basic Biomechanical terminology we are going to use?

Qualitative variable and Quantitative variable

What is a qualitative variable

• the focus is on

• examples

It is a non-numerical, with data based on observation where equipment is not necessary.

The focus is on time and space

Ex) Rotation of the femur during a golf swing

Adduction of humerus during freestyle swim

What is a quantitative variable

• Focuses on

• Examples

It is a numerical variable that is based on data collected where equipment was necessary.

Focuses on the forces

Ex) Stress (force) on shoulder during baseball pitch

Compression force on femur during landing

What is Kinesiology?

Scientific study of human movement. From an anatomical, physiological, psychological, and biomechanical.

What is biomechanics?

The application of mechanics to biological systems. It is a discipline more specific than the general definition of kinesiology.

The application of mechanics to biological systems

• What is mechanics

• what is biological systems

Mechanics: Motion and forces

Biological systems: cell to whole body

• humans, animals, and plants

Anatomy

The structure of the body and focuses on the structure

ex) study of biceps brachii

Functional anatomy

The body components necessary to achieve a goal, focusing on the function

ex) analysis of bicep curl

What is linear motion?

When the object moves on a straight or curved pathway. Where ALL points of the object move at the SAME distance and time

• translational motion

What is angular motion?

Motion around some point. All points DO NOT move the same distance and time.

Picture examples of linear motion

Picture examples of angular motion

Angu

Picture example of angular motion of specific joint (knee)

Reference Positions: Anatomical vs. Fundamental

Anatomical is the standard positions. The difference here is that the forearms and palms face forward with the radioulnar joints supinated

Fundamental is the practical position. The difference here is that the forearms and palms face inward, so all the joints are neutral

What joint is not at the assumed 0 of a neutral joint

The ankle joint is at a 90 degree angle, however, because it is how we typically stand, it is assumed neutral. Wh

What is a relative angle?

Observed segments in the body in relation to another segment.

Example in difference of relative angle

• In AP the RUJ is supinated, in FP the RUJ is neutral (???)

Define: Axes

Imaginary lines that intersect at right angles D

Define: Origin

Point of intersection of axes

Medial

toward midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body Pro

Proximal

Toward point of attachment Dist

Distal

Away from the point of attachment

Superior

Toward the top of the head

Inferior

toward the bottom of the feet

Anterior

front, ventral

Posterior

back, dorsal

Ipsilateral

on the same side

Contralateral

on opposite sides

Flexion

decreasing joint angle

Extension

increasing joint angle

Hyperflexion

flexion beyond normal range

Hyperextension

extension beyond normal range

Abduction

moving away from the midline

Adduction

moving toward midline

Hyperabduction

abduction past 180 degree point

Hyperadduction

adduction past 0 degree point

Rotation - exclusive for appendicular skeleton

medial (internal) or lateral (external) rotation

Rotation - exclusive for axial skeleton

Right and left rotation

Lateral flexion

exclusive to the axial skeleton (head and trunk)

Circumduction

movement in a conic fashion

Movement of scapulae - Elevation

raising the scapula (shrug)

Movement of scapulae - depression

lowering the scapula

Movement of scapulae - Protraction/adduction

move scapulae apart or towards the midline anteriorly

Movement of scapulae - retraction/abduction

move scapulae together or towards the midline posteriorly

Movement of scapulae - Upward rotation

bottom of scapula moves away from trunk, the top moves towards

• moves laterally and upwards

Movement of scapulae - Downward rotation

return to normal

• moves down and towards midline

Horizontal adduction

exclusive to the shoulder

combination of flexion and adduction

Horizontal abduction

exclusive to the shoulder

combination of extension and abduction

Supination

exclusive to RUJ

turns palms frontwards

Pronation

exclusive to RUJ

turns palm backwards

Radial flexion

exclusive to wrist

hand towards the thumb

Ulnar flexion

exclusive to wrist

hand towards little finger

Planterflexion

increasing the angle between foot and shank

Dorsiflexion

decreasing the angle between foot and shank

Inversion

Lifting medial edge of foot

Eversions

lift lateral edge of foot

Is pronation and supination of the foot at the ankle the same as inversion and eversion?

No

Pronation of the foot

• Dorsiflexion at the ankle

• Eversion in the tarsals (foot)

• Abduction of the forefoot

Bringing toes away from midline to an abduction

Supination of the foot

• Plantarflexion at the ankle

• Inversion in the tarsals

• Adduction of the forefoot

What are reference systems necessary for?

For accurate observation and description

What is a plane

Flat 2D surface

What is a Cardinal Plane

When the 2D surfaces (planes) are arranged at perfect right angles to each other and their center of mass intersect

What is an axis of rotation?

THE point where movement occurs (where the cardinal plane rotates), and THE point is ALWAYS perpendicular to the plane

C: Sagittal

• D

• AoR

• Type of movement

• Examples

Separates the body into right and left halves

AoR is mediolateral - goes medially and laterally through the body

Flexion and extension

Shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle, and trunk (axial)

C: Frontal

• D

• AoR

• Type of movement

• Examples

• Does NOT move

Separates into front and back segments

AoR: Anterior-posterior

Abduction, adduction, lateral flexion (axial)

Ex: Abd + Add of shoulder and hip, ulnar and radial flex at wrist, inversion + eversion at ankle, lateral flexion

NOT: elbow, knee, RUJ (?)

C: Transverse

• D

• AoR

• Type of movement

• Examples

• Does NOT move

Separates body into superior and inferior portions

Transverse/longitudinal

Rotation

Ex: Medial and lateral rotation at shoulder + hip, Left and right rotation of axial skeleton, pronation and supination at RUJ, knee

NOT: elbow, wrist, and ankle

What is a degrees of freedom?

The number of planes in which a joint has the ability to move

1 degree of freedom

uniaxial

elbow (sagittal)

2 degrees of freedom

biaxial

wrist (sagittal and frontal)

3 degrees of freedom

Triaxial

Hip (sagittal, frontal, and transverse)

Events

Still shot picture within the movement. A logical place to stop the movement.

• every movement has a start and an end

Phases:

The movement happening between events

• “How did the joint move from one event to the next?”

Events: Position words

Flexed

extended

abducted

plantarflexed

Neutral

etcP

Phases: Motion Words

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Plantarflexion

No motion

etc

E1: Start position

P1: Descending

E2: Bottom of squat

P2: Ascending

E3: Return to start position

E1

• H: Neutral

• K: Neutral

• A: neutral

P1

• H: flexion

• K: flexion

• A: dorsiflexion

E2

• H: flexed

• K: flexed

• A: dorsiflexed

P2

• Hip: extension

• K: extension

• A: Plantarflexion

E3

• H: neutral

• K: neutral

• A: neutral