ap human geography semester 1 terms

all terms throughout semester 1 (units 1-4, chapters 1-8)

ethnicity

the identity of a group of people who share the same cultural traditions of a particular homeland

ethnic enclave

a geographical area where a particular ethnic group is spatially clustered, and socially and economically distinct from the majority group

ethnoburb

suburban area with a cluster of a particular ethnic population

ethnic exclave

an ethnicity that is completely separated form the main population of the ethnic group

race

Identity with a group of people descended from a common biological ancestor, you share the same skin color

nation

a homogeneous ethnic group that either has or wants a country of their own

state

an area organized into a political unit (it has boundaries and a government)

components of a legitimate state

1. be sovereign
2. have a stable, functioning government
3. have defined borders that other countries recognize and respect

nation-state

an area where the boundaries of a nation and the boundaries of a state are the same

stateless nation

a nation without political boundaries protecting their territory

ethnonationalism

stateless nations who exhibit an active desire to create a state of their own

nationalism

the love of one's nation

patriotism

the love of one's state

multiethnic state

state that contains more than one ethnicity

multinational state

a state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist

ghetto

the area romans referred to when telling the jews to go to certain cities

apartheid

forced ethnic clustering of black people in south africa (no longer exists)

centripetal forces

forces that help to unify a group of people

centrifugal forces

forces that tear a group of people apart and cause conflict

racism

the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities

ethnic cleansing

mass expulsion of killing of members of an unwanted ethnicity

genocide

targeting/masacre of a particular ethnicity (ethnic cleansing, but murder)

forward capital

a capital that is relocated to the geographical center of a state in order to not favor a particular ethnicity (the moving of a country's capital)

microstate

tiny state with only a few square miles

pros and cons of microstate

pros: easy to govern, less people to manage, less money spent on military

cons: less resources, easy to invade, has trouble generating economic activity

landlocked state

a state with no access to the ocean

pros and cons of landlocked state

pros: partially protected from invasion

cons: trade is difficult

compact state

a country where the distance from the border to the geographic center is not significant, a symmetric state

pros of compact state

easy to defend, good communication

prorupted state

a state with a large projecting extension, otherwise compact

elongated state

state with a long and narrow shape

cons of elongated state

poor communication, difficult to defend, poor communication

fragmented state

a state that contains many discontinued pieces of territory

cons of fragmented state

hard to defend, poor communication, centrifugal force

political enclave

a state that is completely surrounded by another state

perforated state

a state that completely surrounds another state

political exclave

a part of a state that is separated from the main part of the state

boundary

a line (visible or invisible) that marks the territory controlled by a state

natural/physical boundary

when a physical feature determines a political boundary

artificial boundary

a boundary created without regard to physical geography

geometric boundary

a boundary drawn using latitude and longitude or GPS coordinates

antecedent boundary

a boundary created before an ecumene existed in that area

subsequent boundary

a boundary created after an ecumene existed in that area

consequent boundary

a boundary that is drawn in regards to existing ethnicities

voluntary boundary

a boundary that is agreed upon by two or more countries through a treaty

superimposed boundary

a boundary that is forced upon by a bigger more powerful group

irredentism

movement to reclaim territory that was once owned, but lost

disputed borders

when two sides can't agree on a border

frontier

area where there is no boundary, and no government controlling it

international waters/high seas

any water that is out past the zone of occupation of a state, out of the eez

colonialism

when a country takes a group their people and plants them in new land that they don't own, but is either empty or not very populated

imperialism

when a country controls a places already existing territory (politically, economically, socially)

decolonization

the process by which colonies become states

geopolitics

an strategy that consists of taking land for its strategic location or products

chokepoint

a geographical narrow passageway that trade has to go through

organic theory

a country is like a living organism. it is wired to survive, expand, and thrive

heartland theory

pre WWI strategy with the idea that all great coal and iron deposits necessary for industrialization were located in the "heartland" or "pivot" area (central asia)

berlin conference

conference where all of europe decided how africa would be divided up, africa wasn't invited

treaty of westphalia

treaty among the major states of europe, defining the modern states of europe

sovereignty

bility of a state to govern its territory, complete freedom

balance of power

the creation of a system of alliances to prevent war, power is roughly equal

supranational organization

a mutual alliance of 3 or more states created for the benefit of all, have to give up an aspect of sovereignty to be a part of it

international organization

organization with members from multiple countries, or involved in other countries, members do not give up sovereignty

cartel

a set of states that agree to coordinate prices

rimland theory

if you controlled the coastal areas of eurasia, your state would be more dominant

domino theory

if one country falls to communism all countries would fall to communism.

devolution

the process by which regions of a state obtain more individual power, at the expense of the central government

federal state

a state where the power is shared between the central and regional governments

unitary state

a state where the central government has the majority of the political power

buffer zone

an area of neutral ground that serves as a barrier between two or more states to prevent fighting

buffer state

a state that serves as a barrier located between two larger countries that are in conflict

unclos

united nations conventions of the laws of the sea, established territorial sea, eez and high seas

territorial sea

the boundaries of your state extend 12 nautical miles away from your coast

exclusive economic zone (eez)

resources in the ocean that are within 200 nautical miles of the boundaries of a state belong to that state

continental shelf

land that keeps going underwater

failed state

a state whose political or economical status is so weak that the government loses control

redistricting

when you redraw the districts according to the census

gerrymandering

when a political party redraws districts to their benefit

special district

districts that are made for a special purpose

geospatial data

when you look at a map and try to understand human activity across space

density

the number of times an object occurs in a given space

clustered

when objects are close together in a given space

dispersed

when objects are spread apart in a given space

pattern

when objects are arranged in space or a consistent/mathematically geometric way

scale

the amount of earth that can be seen on a given map

absolute location

when a place is located using latitude and longitude

relative location

when a place is located compared to places around it that are commonly known

site

what a spot on earth looks like in terms of its culture and its geography

situation

the significance of a place’s relative location and where it is in relation to other places

latitude & longitude

lines that are used to measure the absolute location - latitude (horizontal) longitude (vertical)

international date line

a boundary on the map from which each calendar day starts

region

an area with common human and/or environmental characteristics

formal/uniform region

a region where a particular characteristic is dominant or uniform throughout the entire region

functional/nodal region

a region where the characteristic has a node, the closer you are to the node, the more predominant that characteristic is

vernacular/perceptual region

a region where people think of a general area in terms of the location of a characteristic (there is no definitive border of where the characteristic starts or ends)

diffusion

the spread of a characteristic

hearth

a node or core area where diffusion starts

relocation diffusion

the spread of an idea through the physical movement of people

expansion diffusion

the spread of an idea through the movement of the ideas

hierarchical diffusion

diffusion which comes from a central node/authority and tends to diffuse in a predictable way